wfuzz/replace.me at master · tjomk/wfuzz · GitHub

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Voucher specimens of collected plants are preserved in the respective herbaria of the Authors and in the herbarium of “Roma Tre” University. It is geologically very similar to previous recent events of the Apennines. Most research on otic state of diplomonads arose multiple times independ- diplomonads has focused on Giardia lamblia syn. Qindows regions show a general increase in all temperature indices, being the pattern of the trends clearer in Spain than in Italy. EMBO J4.❿
 
 

Windows 10 1703 download iso italy vsp – windows 10 1703 download iso italy vsp

 

Jorge Tovar. Jo Cable. John Krieger. Guy Naamati. Masaharu Tokoro. Paul Gordon. Swapnil Tichkule. Log in with Facebook Log in with Google. Remember me on this computer. Enter the email address you signed up with and we’ll email you a reset link. Need an account? Click here to sign up.

Download Free PDF. A genomic survey of the fish parasite Spironucleus salmonicida indicates genomic plasticity among diplomonads and significant lateral gene transfer in eukaryote genome evolution. John Logsdon. Abstract Comparative genomic studies of the mitochondrion-lacking protist group Diplomonadida diplomonads has been lacking, although Giardia lamblia has been intensively studied.

Related Papers. Molecular phylogenetics and evolution Lateral transfer of the gene for a widely used marker,[alpha]-tubulin, indicated by a multi-protein study of the phylogenetic position of Andalucia Excavata. Trichomonas vaginalis vast BspA-like gene family: evidence for functional diversity from structural organisation and transcriptomics. Molecular Microbiology Novel mitochondrion-related organelles in the anaerobic amoeba Mastigamoeba balamuthi: Novel mitochondrion-related organelles in M.

Gene Putative telomerase catalytic subunits from Giardia lamblia and Caenorhabditis elegans. Nature Mitochondrial remnant organelles of Giardia function in iron-sulphur protein maturation. Abstract Background: Comparative genomic studies of the mitochondrion-lacking protist group Diplomonadida diplomonads has been lacking, although Giardia lamblia has been intensively studied.

Results: The analyses revealed a compact genome with few, if any, introns and very short 3′ untranslated regions. Rigorous phylogenomic analyses identified 84 genes — mostly encoding metabolic proteins — that have been acquired by diplomonads or their relatively close ancestors via lateral gene transfer LGT. Although most acquisitions were from prokaryotes, more than a dozen represent likely transfers of genes between eukaryotic lineages.

Many genes that provide novel insights into the genetic basis of the biology and pathogenicity of this parasitic protist were identified including that putatively encode variant-surface cysteine-rich proteins which are candidate virulence factors. A number of genomic properties that distinguish S.

Conclusion: Our results highlight the power of comparative genomic studies to yield insights into the biology of parasitic protists and the evolution of their genomes, and suggest that genetic exchange between distantly-related protist lineages may be occurring at an appreciable rate in eukaryote genome evolution. These results suggest that the diplokary- or micro-aerophilic environments [1].

Most research on otic state of diplomonads arose multiple times independ- diplomonads has focused on Giardia lamblia syn. Giardia ently, or that the monokaryon of enteromonads is a intestinalis, Giardia duodenalis , which is a major cause of derived feature.

Large genetic and biological variation also water-borne enteric disease in humans in both industrial- exists within diplomonads. For example, Spironucleus, ised and developing countries [2]. However, there are Trepomonas and Hexamita, form a monophyletic clade to important variations in lifestyles among diplomonads; the exclusion of Giardia in phylogenetic trees [24], and use although many are endocommensals or parasites associ- an alternative genetic code whereby TAA and TAG, rather ated with animals, there are also several free-living spe- than being stop codons, encode glutamine [25,26].

Most members of the genomic architecture of diplomonads in general and genus Spironucleus are parasites, typically of fish but also Spironucleus in particular, we initiated a genome survey of birds and mice; several Spironucleus species have been project in S. To maximize gene discovery we shown to cause disease in their hosts [1], although essen- obtained expressed sequence tag EST and genomic sur- tially nothing is known about the virulence mechanisms vey sequences GSS , and completely sequenced eleven of Spironucleus species.

Spironucleus salmonicida, the focus contigs. Here, we present analyses of the complete set of of this study, can cause systemic and organ infections in sequences obtained in the genome survey project. This isolate was previously salmonicida genome, these data provide key insights into known as Spironucleus barkhanus [5], but pathogenic iso- the genome-level properties of S.

From but genetically distinct, fish commensal isolates of S. Accordingly, they were described as ‘biological fossils’, true eukaryotes Results and discussion with many peculiarities e. However, advances This sequence survey of S. The the genetics and molecular evolution of this diplomonad current interpretation of the phylogeny of eukaryotes [16,].

Together with a few other studies, these have lends no support for diplomonads as the earliest eukaryo- resulted in about thirty S. Indeed, a sister-group relationship databases. The present analysis of the complete set of between diplomonads and parabasalids to the exclusion EST and GSS sequences, combined with a the of other eukaryotic lineages and the root has recently been complete sequence of eleven contigs corresponding to 80 demonstrated, based both on phylogenetic analysis of kbp unique sequence Additional file 1 , extend this concatenated protein-coding sequences [], and on information to include unique protein coding shared gene acquisitions [16,17].

Diplomonads and para- genes, two ribosomal RNA genes and 20 tRNA genes basalids are now classified within the eukaryotic super- Table 1 and Additional file 2.

Altogether our sequence group Excavata [18]. Furthermore, diplomonads seem to data cover more than 2. The only genome size reported from a diplo- “primitive” eukaryotes, including an organelle with mito- monad is 12 Mbp for the genome of G.

The chondrial ancestry mitosome [19] and intron-contain- genome size of S. Sp7, These observations indicate that our obtained sequences Sp10, and Sp Figure 1. The marks on the x axis indicate 1 kbp. Black lines, dark grey and light grey lines indicate anno- tated genes with sequence similarities in the public databases, hypothetical genes with matches in the EST data, and hypotheti- cal genes without matches in the public databases or EST data, respectively.

The position of the line on the y axis indicates the GC3s value of the gene, an arrow indicates its direction strand , and the annotated gene function is indicated. The order of the contigs is arbitrary. Our analyses do not identify Analysis of the eleven completely sequenced contigs any strong consensus sequence outside the conserved showed that the coding density varies significantly unique termination codon TGA, although we observe a between contigs Figure 1 and Additional file 1.

Some preference for A in the position two bases upstream of the parts of the genome appear to be very gene-dense, with termination codon, and a T immediately downstream short intergenic regions. In fact, six cases of putative over- Figure 2B. Interestingly, the three most conserved nucle- lapping open reading frames ORFs were identified, sim- otides in the G. The lengths of the central TRA nucleotides, which is similar to the situation overlapping regions range from 1 to bp; in four cases in S.

Furthermore, a preference for a U-rich they are encoded in the same direction, while in the other region close to the polyA tail is also apparent, a pattern two cases the 5′ regions overlap. Experimental studies are conserved in many eukaryotes but not Giardia [41,42]. Nevertheless, the whole genome does not seem to a loose control of transcription [43].

Indeed, our data indicate considerable var- Figure 1. However, we were unable to detect any sequence similar- ity to genes that are associated with telomeres in G.

An intron should be of the rRNA genes in S. The promoters are short; less than the gene sequence. This approach was used to identify 70 bp is needed for efficient expression of most genes, potential introns using similarity searches with the EST even if they are stage-specific [38]. The S. Given that the transcriptional start site and are essential and suffi- only a few introns have been detected within the diplo- cient for promoter activity [39].

However, eukaryotic promoter motifs Figure 2A. However, AT-rich two introns were detected in one of the first genes stretches are found close to the translational start sites, or sequenced from Carpediemonas [44], an excavate taxon in the first 50 bp upstream Figure 2A and the intergenic and possible sister lineage to diplomonads.

Thus, introns regions are very short Figure 1. Thus, the S. A basic spliceosomal organisation is present in Gia- tion codon could be mapped in EST clones. The 3′ rdia suggesting that the spliceosome is ancestral to extant untranslated regions UTR of S.

Although our analyses did not identify to be short; the average distance between the termination any proteins likely to be involved in splicing in S. Such very short 3′ UTRs have pre- spliceosomal apparatus are present in S. In genes, distributed among all functional categories, repre- G. A: 5′ regions of full-length genes from the completely sequenced contigs. The initiation codons of nine genes in the contigs Figure 1 could be precisely identified based on sequence conservation com- pared to orthologs.

The 5′ sequences are aligned based on the initiation codons indicated by a box. Among these were genes involved in transla- tRNA. The identification of a putative Sec tRNA, which is tion: 74 genes encoding ribosomal proteins, many trans- a central component of selenoprotein biosynthesis [47], lation factors, and fifteen different tRNA synthetases were in our data set suggests that Spironucleus is able to use the identified Additional file 2. Twenty tRNA genes were single stop codon UGA to incorporate this rare amino identified, which cover 24 of the 63 sense codons allow- acid into selenoproteins.

Indeed, the usage of seleno- ing for the normal wobble rules for codon-anticodon cysteine seems to be widespread feature in protists; Sec pairing. Interestingly, all 64 codons appear to have the The identified proteins within the cellular, environmental potential to code for incorporation of amino acids into information, and genetic information process categories proteins in S.

This is [28] and a cysteine desulfurase called Nifsp in Saccharo- indeed expected from the current view of diplomonad myces cerevisiae , a key enzyme of the Fe-S cluster synthesis phylogeny and cell biology see Background section. Orthologous proteins of Interestingly, only eight Rab genes were found in G. Localization studies of these two proteins should more-complex endomembrane system in this parabasalid indeed be very useful to investigate whether S.

Two of the five Rab proteins identified in our survey contains mitosomes. The G. The function of the G. Yet, a For example, relatively few enzymes involved in amino single dynamin-like protein encoding gene is also found acid metabolism were detected Additional file 2. Ami- in three kinetoplastid genomes two Trypanosoma and one noacyl-tRNA synthetases are classified into this category, Leishmania [55] and the microsporidium Encephalitozoon but they are atypical since they are essential for protein cuniculi [56], whereas most eukaryotic genomes encode synthesis.

Furthermore, only a single protein malate several dynamin-like paralogues that function either in dehydrogenase associated with the tricarboxylic acid membrane trafficking or organelle division mitochon- TCA cycle was found. However, malate dehydrogenase dria and plastids [57]. Interestingly, the single dynamin- actually functions in a pyruvate synthesis pathway in G. Hence the single ilar role in S. In contrast, several glycolytic dynamin-like proteins in Spironucleus, Giardia and proteins are present in our data set Additional file 2.

Encephalitozoon could all be involved in mitosome divi- This pattern of metabolic proteins is expected from a fer- sion. The predicted amino acid sequences of genes were These similarities between S. Most of these were anno- such an environment in the two lineages. Indeed, a con- tated as conserved hypothetical proteins, although some siderable fraction of the metabolic proteins was found to could be assigned to a functional category Additional file be more closely related to prokaryotic rather than eukary- 2.

Most of the cysteine residues were found as CXXC otic homologs in the phylogenomic analyses, suggesting motifs Figure 3 and data not shown. Such an arrange- acquisition of these genes by gene transfer see further dis- ment is similar to the large protein family of variant-spe- cussion below. Does S. A new organelle, the mitosome, has recently been identi- salmonicida showed highest sequence similarities to G. Currently, the only known function of motifs of G.

The phylogenetic relationship between G. Indeed, in similarity and S. These observa- present in all extent eukaryotes [10] strongly suggest that tions indicate that diplomonads vary greatly in their the common ancestor of the two species contained an cysteine-rich proteins; the gene families indeed appear to organelle with mitochondrial ancestry.

Among the cysteine-rich proteins coding sequences two are likely to represent full-length ORFs. These are In the laboratory, Spironucleus muris is transmitted as cysts strong candidate surface proteins since they possess a in fecal material like Giardia [66].

Cysts of S. A total of 14 even display the same immunostaining as Giardia cysts sequences encoding partial proteins with cysteine-rich when labeled with antibodies specific for Giardia cyst wall domains possess similar structural organization as the [66].

We identified one homolog of G. No TM domains could be found in the remaining phosphate isomerase and UDP-N-acetylglucosamine cysteine-rich proteins within our dataset. However, in sev- pyrophosphorylase — Additional file 2. The presence of eral cases these partial cysteine-rich proteins show high these three genes indicate that S.

This initiates infection in fish. These genes are stage-specifically observation is consistent with the genome of S. Characteristic features in G. None of the at a relatively high frequency, which is important for genes encoding disc-specific proteins in G. In contrast to G.

Cysteine proteases are essential for pathogenicity pathogenicity and invasion of the intestine of E. There- Spironucleus species have been described as a cause of dis- fore the several cysteine proteases that were found in our ease in hosts that include birds, fish and mice [1]; S. However, essentially nothing is known about viru- Secretion of cysteine proteases was indeed recently shown lence factors in Spironucleus. In healthy fish, the parasite to occur from trophozoites of G.

Cysteine protease activities are stage trophozoites in the lumen of the upper intestine, also important for excystation and encystation of Giardia where it remains attached to the intestinal mucosa, con- [70,71], suggesting yet another potential role for these trolled by the mucosal immune system of the host. This enzymes in S. Antigenic variation among the identified Genome-wide mutational processes have been identified cysteine-rich proteins in S. Nitric oxide NO and reactive oxygen tions within genomes may be explained by selection species ROS are important factors in the host’s protec- [72,73].

We analyzed sequences of genes to examine tion against mucosal pathogens [62]. The random sequencing of ESTs from a non- teins and arginine deiminase Additional file 2. These normalized cDNA library provided a rough estimate of proteins, which are coded by genes putatively acquired the expression levels of S.

The dia- gram shows the position of the seven furin-like domains SM — orange boxes relative the transmembrane domain blue box as determined by SMART4.

Due to the overlap between these infer- ences only the furin-like domains are shown for simplicity. This is consistent with the hypothesis that cysteine-rich domains are facing the extracellular milieu where they could interact with other proteins. The alignment of the seven inferred furin-like domains as inferred by T-COFFEE [] is shown below the diagram, with the positions of the first and last residue of each domain indicated on the left.

Cysteines are highlighted in red and bold. No putative signal peptide was found with SignalP3. This protein has a similar structural organization as the one shown in A with three EGF-like domains inferred to face the external milieu. The three EGF-like domains were aligned manually. In addition, this sequence may have a signal peptide indicated by a red box since the S-score is positive in SignalP3. C: Domain organization of G. All dia- grams are drawn to scale.

A mates of expression levels were available for a few of the distinct pattern was found for genes never found in the genes. Our study provides, for a much larger dataset, a EST library “weakly expressed” , for which codon usage connection between the subset of genes with a strong is more uniform, with no codons strongly dominating.

To codon bias, and an indirect indication of expression levels compare our results with a previous study from Giardia cDNA abundance , corroborating the earlier conclusion [74], G. In salmonicida. The analysis Interestingly, the favored codons differed between S. In nine of highly expressed genes, while the putatively weakly the cases where there is a difference between the two spe- expressed genes have a more uniform amino acid usage.

The tenth case is a two-fold salmonicida genes degenerate amino acid where S. There is a mous position GC3s , and performed correspondence distinction between the base compositional biases in G. This is an expected pat- Figure 4A. For G. However, a differences seem to have influenced the codon preferences separation of the genes into different categories can be in the two diplomonad lineages in the highly expressed observed: the vast majority of the weakly expressed genes genes as well.

In the absence of information about codon have GC3s values between 0. At any rate, the usage of an the third synonymous position is the main determinant of alternative genetic code in Spironucleus but not Giardia the codon usage in both S. Expres- glutamine codons. The canonical stop codon UAA is sion levels strongly influence the second axis in the corre- indeed the most common codon for glutamine in our spondence analysis for S.

No such trend is observed for G. These weakly expressed genes in S. Unexpectedly, analyses clearly indicate that there is selection on codon the Nc’ values for genes with GC3s above 0. Translation genes, the Nc’ values should be close to the maximum. Genes are represented by different colors and symbols according to the number of times they were sampled within the EST data. Genes identified to be involved in gene transfer and are shared with G.

If the observed codon usage pattern is more uniform than expected by chance, the Nc’ value is set to 61 [75, ]. The candidate LGTs unique to S.

Also, the large spread of the genes to the Although some genes with high GC3s values do show left on axis 1 which is strongly correlated with GC3s — indications of gene transfer in the phylogenomic analyses, Figure 4C argues against selection for an alternative set the majority do not Figure 4A, C.

In fact, many of these of optimal codons in these genes. Cases where two S. Thus, Additional Files 3, 4, 5, 6. Furthermore, on average five genes with unexpected codon usage i. How- tion codons in all characterized prokaryotes [84] were ever, neither mutational or selection scenarios can easily detected in 21 of the remaining 27 putatively transferred explain their non-random codon usage, nor the fluctua- genes, strongly suggesting a true S.

Heterogeneity in for these genes. For S. We cannot formally siae a unicellular eukaryote with a compact genome, that exclude contamination on the basis of presence of alterna- is more directly comparable to S. At any rate, together these observations rience different chemical environments [see [78] and ref- indicate that the phylogenetic pattern we interpret as erences therein].

Longer genomic fragments, as well as putative LGT events are unlikely to result from substantial comparative data from more-closely related diplomon- contamination of our libraries. Some Spironucleus genes were strongly associated Phylogenomic analysis reveals frequent lateral gene with genes from distantly related organisms. For example, transfer the S. LGT in diplomonads on a single-gene basis [16,17,], Such anomalous positions of the diplomonads genes [].

Here we present a systematic phylogenomic anal- strongly suggest gene transfer events. Many datasets con- ysis of the complete EST and GSS data sets with the goal tain sequences from only one or a few eukaryotic taxa of identifying S.

We used the PhyloGenie package [83] to assemble diplomonads are the only eukaryotes present Figure 5B— aligned amino acid data sets automatically from databases D.

Although the separation of diplomonad from the including both published sequences and data from ongo- other eukaryotic sequences is sometimes weak i.

Figure ing eukaryotic genome projects see Methods. PCC Clostridium tetani Nostoc punctiforme Clostridium thermocellum 85 Synechococcus elongatus 64 84 Trichomonas vaginalis 84 Trichomonas vaginalis 73 Synechococcus sp.

WH 97 99 Prochlorococcus marinus subsp. Delta H 54 uncultured proteobacterium QS1 Methanococcus maripaludis Entamoeba histolytica 61 Nocardia farcinica unknown taxonomy Chromobacterium violaceum Wolinella succinogenes 61 Nostoc punctiforme Thermoanaerobacter tengcongensis 92 Trichodesmium erythraeum Archaeoglobus fulgidus 68 Thermococcus kodakaraensis Crocosphaera watsonii 70 Thermotoga maritima 60 Synechocystis sp.

PCC Clostridium acetobutylicum 96 Thermosynechococcus elongatus 95 Clostridium tetani Gloeobacter violaceus Clostridium thermocellum 62 64 Methanosarcina barkeri Prochlorococcus marinus Methanosarcina acetivorans Homo sapiens Archaeoglobus fulgidus 95 Macaca fascicularis Chlorobium tepidum 88 Tetraodon nigroviridis Magnetococcus sp.

MC-1 Dehalococcoides ethenogenes Tetraodon nigroviridis Geobacter metallireducens Tetraodon nigroviridis 59 Methanothermobacter thermautotrophicus 86 Thalassiosira pseudonana 75 Methanosarcina acetivorans Tetrahymena thermophila 90 Methanococcoides burtonii 78 Desulfovibrio vulgaris 94 Thalassiosira pseudonana Geobacter sulfurreducens Anabaena variabilis Desulfitobacterium hafniense 60 Gloeobacter violaceus Desulfovibrio desulfuricans uncultured proteobacterium QS1 53 95 Synechococcus sp.

ML tree of conceptually translated, aligned amino acid positions of A arginine deiminase, B conserved hypothetical protein, C conserved hypothetical protein, D carotenoid isomerase, and E rubrerythrin.

Details about the phylogenetic analyses are found in the Methods section, and complete accession numbers and complete species names are found in Addi- tional files 4 and 6. The unrooted trees are arbitrarily rooted for the presentation. Eukaryotes are in boldface and labeled according to their classification into super-groups [18]: Opisthokonta orange , Amoebozoa purple , Chromalveolata red , Archaeplastida green , and Excavata brown.

The genes for two enzymes in the pathway, arginine deiminase and ornithine transcar- There are indeed examples of inferences of LGT based on bamoylase, appear to have been acquired from prokaryo- unexpected patterns of phyletic distribution that have pre- tes in a common ancestor of diplomonads and viously been shown to be wrong. Re-analyses of the puta- parabasalids, whereas carbamate kinase may have distinct tive bacteria-to-vertebrate gene transfer events in the LGT origins in the two groups Figure 5A and trees 10 human genome using phylogenetic analyses instead of and 30 in Additional file 4.

Similarly, S. Phylogenetic analyses may also defense see above [62,64,65] that are also found in lead to false positive interpretations of LGT. For example, anaerobic prokaryotes and eukaryotes including Enta- phylogenetic analysis indicated an LGT origin of the T. On the other hand, re- advantages to the recipient protist lineages.

Indeed, dis- analyses using extended taxon sampling and more tantly related lineages that live in the same environment advanced models of sequence evolution of four genes appear to frequently transfer genes [89]. Obviously, additional acquired metabolic genes Additional file 3.

Therefore, it is inevitable that the list eral origin, and in previous phylogenomic studies 96 E. Nevertheless, our Cryptosporidium parvum and genes in anaerobic cili- phylogenomic analysis indicates that vertical inheritance ates were found to represent candidate LGT genes combined with gene duplication and gene loss is rather [51,55,91,92].

Thus, numerous inter-domain gene trans- unlikely to have produced the observed phylogenetic rela- fer events have been identified in four divergent protist tionships and patchy taxonomic distributions and that lineages — Spironucleus, Entamoeba, kinetoplastids gene transfer is the simplest hypothesis currently available Trypanosoma and Leishmania and anaerobic ciliates — to explain these trees. Hence our analyses indicate that supporting the idea that gene acquisition from prokaryo- LGT has been an important mechanism in the evolution tic organisms is a common evolutionary mechanism in of the S.

In all these studies, metabolic genes have been found to be the most common Acquisitions of prokaryotic metabolic genes in the functional category among the genes implicated in LGT evolution of protist genomes genes. This bias is not unexpected, as a higher rate of transfer for metabolic genes compared to informational genes has G.

In the events, while no closely related G. For example, amino rdia lineages. The remaining 19 events could have taken acids have been identified to be a source of energy in place in the S.

Among losses in the latter could also explain the observed pattern. Additional eukaryote-to-eukaryote other S. Some in fact do show deviant transfers may actually have occurred among the genes that codon usage indices Figure 5A, B suggesting a more did not show any indication of prokaryote-to-eukaryote recent acquisition compared to the other cases.

However, transfer. A few examples of gene transfers between unicel- there are many other S. The 13 putative intra-domain ure 4A, B , suggesting that codon usage pattern alone is a transfers identified here further suggest that LGT between poor indicator of LGT in S. In 12 cases where both Spironucleus and Gia- neglected. This Conclusion pattern has previously been observed for candidate later- The vast majority of eukaryotic diversity is represented by ally transferred genes [16,17,80] and almost certainly protists [18], yet only a few protist genome sequencing reflects a common ancestry of diplomonads and paraba- projects have been published.

Our sequence survey study salids to the exclusion of other sampled eukaryotic line- has indicated that a combined approach using both ran- ages, although the possibility of gene transfer between the dom sampling from the genome GSSs and ESTs is suc- two lineages cannot be formally excluded. However, a cessful in identifying genes Table 1. We identified diplomonad-parabasalia relationship has recently been genes from the GSS sequences, while genes with shown to be robust in several phylogenetic analyses of homologies in other organisms were detected among the concatenated protein sequences [].

As some EST sequences. As we have collected more than twice as acquired genes are unique to S. However, EST LGT in these excavate lineages continuously throughout sequencing is biased towards identification of highly their evolutionary history. Further characterization of the expressed genes, such as genes involved in genetic infor- phylogenetic distribution of these genes may provide mation processing, especially translation, while GSS information about organismal relationships within Exca- sequencing detects a more random selection of genes vata [99].

Table 1. This functional bias of the genes detected in EST surveys may be an advantage if the objective of the study In the four previous phylogenomic studies of LGT in pro- is mainly to identify genes previously identified in other tists [51,55,91,92] only prokaryote-to-eukaryote transfer organisms using the same approach, but is a limitation if events were examined.

Our selection procedure allowed sampling gene diversity is the aim. In combination with ads and parabasalids, and then transferred to the lineage complete sequencing of a few contigs, this approach was leading to Dictyostelium Figure 5A. Seventeen genes were efficient in revealing much about the S.

Although we could identify more than genes to 13 unique events Additional file 3. Twelve of these with annotated functions, conserved hypothetical pro- cases are exchanges between the lineage leading to S.

Furthermore, with the Entamoeba lineage, and a single case with the 13 among the 38 genes identified within the contigs did Mastigamoeba lineage Figure 5A, Additional files 3, 4, 5, not show any significant sequence similarity to genes in 6. This suggests that a large fraction with genome sequences, and several diverse and com- of the genes in S. It is plete G. Sequencing identified individual S. A studied eukaryotes, including its closest intensively stud- genomic DNA library was constructed for GSS sequenc- ied relative, the diplomonad G.

Mass in are diverse. For example, in the S. Cells were picked and the plasmids S. Roughly half of the sequencing was enteromonads and retortamonads, organisms with dis- done from this library.

Specifically, it was found that during the warm-dry season, due to the strong decrease of soil moisture, even for a sensible increase in rainfall intensity, the landslide occurrence was. Occupational brain cancer risks in Umbria Italy , with a particular focus on steel foundry workers. Among other results, the incidental finding of brain cancer increased risk in steel foundry workers in Terni province Italy , lead us to deepen the analysis, focusing on this specific industrial sector.

A monitoring study, based on Umbria Regional Cancer Registry data, was recently carried out. Brain cancer cases and controls identified within this preliminary study were selected. Therefore, we considered all incident cases in Umbria region of brain cancer occurred among workers occupied for at least one year in private companies since and controls randomly sampled from the same population. Afterwards, taking in to account results from steel foundry in Terni province, we further deepened our analysis, focusing on this productive sector.

Statistical analyses were carried out on subjects, 56 cases and controls. Significantly increased ORs were observed for garment, mechanical manufacturing and chemical industries.

Moreover, the risk estimates were strongly correlated with exposures in iron and steel foundries and a cluster of 14 cases in the same foundry in Terni was observed OR 9. Moreover, our results pointed out a significantly increased risk in Terni foundry workers, determining an interesting brain cancer cluster 14 cases. Further studies on this industrial sector are needed with improved definitions of tasks and exposures.

Genetic testing strategies and counseling in cystic fibrosis CF can be problematic due to its extreme allelic heterogeneity and the difficult clinical interpretation of rare variants. Since in a previous survey of Italian CF patients, Umbria a small region with about , inhabitants was excluded due to the low number of chromosomes tested Italy , is the fourth most frequent allele in Umbria. The insA variant was not included in the first-level regional screening, and we therefore suggest the implementation of this variant in the future.

Karger AG, Basel. Lycium barbarum is a famous plant in the traditional Chinese medicine. The plant is known to have health-promoting bioactive components. The properties of Lycium barbarum berries cultivated in Umbria Italy and their effect on human hepatocellular carcinoma cells HepG2 have been investigated in this work. The obtained results demonstrated that the Lycium barbarum berries from Umbria region display high antioxidant properties evaluated by total phenolic content and ORAC method, on hydrophilic and lipophilic fractions.

Moreover, on HepG2 cell line Lycium barbarum berries extract did not change cell viability analyzed by MTT and Trypan blue exclusion assay and did not induce genotoxic effect analyzed by comet assay.

Furthermore, it was demonstrated, for the first time, that the berries extract showed a protective effect on DNA damage, expressed as antigenotoxic activity in vitro. Finally, Lycium barbarum berries extract was able to modulate the expression of genes involved in oxidative stress, proliferation, apoptosis, and cancer. In particular, downexpression of genes involved in tumor migration and invasion CCL5 , in increased risk of metastasis and antiapoptotic signal DUSP1 , and in carcinogenesis GPx-3 and PTGS1 , together with overexpression of tumor suppressor gene MT3 , suggested that Umbrian Lycium barbarum berries could play a protective role against hepatocellular carcinoma.

Italian Renaissance and Hispano-Moresque lustre-decorated majolicas: imitation cases of Hispano-Moresque style in central Italy.

An investigation was carried out on Renaissance lustre-decorated majolica shards, found during excavations made in Umbria central Italy and defined by experts, on the ground of the surface decoration, as imitations of the Hispano-Moresque style. A comparison between this particular kind of samples, produced in central Italy , and some Hispano-Moresque lustre shards has been performed.

The ceramic bodies as well as the lustred surfaces have been analysed by means of several techniques: inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry, X-ray diffraction XRD , atomic absorption spectrometry with electrothermal atomisation and scanning electron microscopy.

A hypothesis has been made, considering bismuth as a discriminating element, between lustres produced in central Italy and the Hispano-Moresque ones.

We thought that the Italian artisans were able to manage the use of bismuth. Therefore a recipe, quite similar to the one employed by the Spanish artisans, was used by the Italian ceramists if their aim was to imitate the Hispano-Moresque style. Fungal community, Fusarium head blight complex and secondary metabolites associated with malting barley grains harvested in Umbria , central Italy.

In recent years, due to the negative impact of toxigenic mycobiota and of the accumulation of their secondary metabolites in malting barley grains, monitoring the evolution of fungal communities in a certain cultivation area as well as detecting the different mycotoxins present in the raw material prior to malting and brewing processes have become increasingly important.

In this study, a survey was carried out on malting barley samples collected after their harvest in the Umbria region central Italy. Samples were analyzed to determine the composition of the fungal community, to identify the isolated Fusarium species, to quantify fungal secondary metabolites in the grains and to characterize the in vitro mycotoxigenic profile of a subset of the isolated Fusarium strains.

Secondary metabolites biosynthesized by Alternaria and Fusarium species were present in the analyzed grains. Among those biosynthesized by Fusarium species, nivalenol and enniatins were the most prevalent ones. Type A trichothecenes T-2 and HT-2 toxins as well as beauvericin were also present with a high incidence. Conversely, the number of samples contaminated with deoxynivalenol was low.

Conjugated forms, such as deoxynivalenolglucoside and HTglucoside, were detected for the first time in malting barley grains cultivated in the surveyed area. In addition, strains of F. The analysis of fungal secondary metabolites, both in the grains and in vitro, revealed also the presence of other compounds, for which.

This study reports the mosquito collections conducted in July-August in Castiglione del Lago Umbria Region, Italy during the entomological surveillance within the West Nile national control program. The mosquito collections showed the noteworthy occurrence of Anopheles hyrcanus s. The same catching site was characterized by a relevant richness in mosquito species, in particular the following were found: Anopheles maculipennis s.

Kinematic analysis of recent and active faults of the southern Umbria -Marche domain, Northern Apennines, Italy : geological constraints to geodynamic models.

The recent and active deformation that affects the crest zone of the Umbria -Marche belt Northern Apennines, Italy displays a remarkable extensional character, outlined by development of normal fault sets that overprint pre-existing folds and thrusts of Late Miocene-Early Pliocene age.

The main extensional fault systems often bound intermontane depressions hosting recent, mainly continental, i.

Stratigraphic data indicate that the extensional strain responsible for the development of normal fault-bounded continental basins in the outer zones of the Northern Apennines was active until Middle Pleistocene time.

Since Middle Pleistocene time onwards a major geodynamic change has affected the Central Mediterranean region, with local reorganization of the kinematics in the Adria domain and adjacent Apennine belt.

A wide literature illustrates that the overall deformation field of the Central Mediterranean area is presently governed by the relative movements between the Eurasia and Africa plates. As a consequence Adria is presently moving with a general left-lateral displacement with respect to the Apennine mountain belt.

The sinistral component of active deformations is also supported by analysis of earthquake focal mechanisms. A comparison between geophysical and geological evidence outlines an apparent discrepancy: most recognized recent and active faults display a remarkable extensional character, as shown by the geometry of continental basin-bounding structutes, whereas geodetic and seismologic evidence indicates the persistency of an active strike-slip, left-lateral dominated.

Detection of trends and break points in temperature: the case of Umbria Italy and Guadalquivir Valley Spain. The increase of air surface temperature at global scale is a fact with values around 0. Nevertheless, the increase is not equally distributed all over the world, varying from one region to others.

Thus, it becomes interesting to study the evolution of temperature indices for a certain area in order to analyse the existence of climatic trend in it. In this work, monthly temperature time series from two Mediterranean areas are used: the Umbria region in Italy , and the Guadalquivir Valley in southern Spain.

For the available stations, six temperature indices three annual and three monthly of mean, average maximum and average minimum temperature have been obtained, and the existence of trends has been studied by applying the non-parametric Mann-Kendall test. Both regions show a general increase in all temperature indices, being the pattern of the trends clearer in Spain than in Italy.

The Italian area is the only one at which some negative trends are detected. The presence of break points in the temperature series has been also studied by using the non-parametric Pettit test and the parametric standard normal homogeneity test SNHT , most of which may be due to natural phenomena. An anchored astronomical time-scale for the Turonian reference sections in the Umbria -Marche Basin, Italy. The Scaglia Rossa pelagic limestones were studied in the classic Contessa and Bottaccione sections near Gubbio, in the Umbria -Marche region of the northeastern Apennines of Italy.

Oscillations between radiolarian cherts interbedded with foram-coccolith pelagic limestones are interpreted to follow the rhythm of precession and show hierarchical bundles, which are suggestive of eccentricity-related grouping. Eccentricity-bundles are correlated amongst the two studied sections. The delineated astronomical cycles constitute an eccentricity-based cyclostratigraphy for the Turonian part of the Scaglia Rossa.

Moreover, the constructed cyclostratigraphy is anchored to numerical time by calibration with the astronomical solution La Laskar et al. The numerical age Using the anchored astronomical time-scale for the Turonian of the Umbria -Marche basin, the top of the Bonarelli Level is placed at Correlation between large-scale atmospheric fields and the olive pollen season in Central Italy.

Avolio, E. Olives are one of the largest crops in the Mediterranean and in central and southern Italy. This work investigates the correlation of the Olea europaea L. The aim of the study is twofold. First, we study the correlation between the pollen season and the surface air temperature of the spring and late spring in Perugia. Second, the correlation between the pollen season and large-scale atmospheric patterns is investigated.

The average surface temperature in the spring and late spring has a clear impact on the pollen season in Perugia. Years with higher average temperatures have an earlier onset of the pollen season. The correlation between the pollen season and large-scale atmospheric patterns of sea level pressure and hPa geopotential height shows that the cyclonic activity in the Mediterranean is unequivocally tied to the pollen season in Perugia.

A larger than average cyclonic activity in the Mediterranean Basin corresponds to a later than average pollen season. Larger than average cyclonic activity in Northern Europe and Siberia corresponds to an earlier than average pollen season.

A possible explanation of this correlation, that needs further investigation to be proven, is given. These results can have a practical application by using the seasonal forecast of atmospheric general circulation models. Assessment of carbon footprint and energy performance of the extra virgin olive oil chain in Umbria , Italy. Inventory data was gathered mainly through both direct communication using questionnaires and direct measurements.

Results showed that the most impacting process is the distribution, mainly due to the choice of employing air transport. The main other hot spots identified were the olive orchard fertilization, EVOO freezing during its storage at the olive mill factory and the manufacture of glass bottles.

Suggested improvement opportunities included shifts in the EVOO transportation policy, the introduction of lighter glass bottles in the bottling process, the use of cooling agent with lower global warming potential and the employment of biodiesel in the farming machineries.

All rights reserved. Current Italian legislation does not permit euthanasia of dogs, unless they are ill or dangerous. Despite good intentions and ethical benefits, this ‘no-kill policy’ has caused a progressive overpopulation of dogs in shelters, due to abandonment rates being higher than adoption rates.

The aim of this paper is to describe the pilot project “RandAgiamo” implemented in a rescue shelter in the Umbria Region and to evaluate its effectiveness on the rate of dog adoption using official data. RandAgiamo aimed to increase adult shelter dogs’ adoptability by a standard training and socialization programme. It also promoted dogs’ visibility by publicizing them through social media and participation in events. The uppermost Cenomanian “anoxic event” i.

The occurrence of the radiolarian layers and the organic-poor claystones defines three lithological sub-units which can be correlated at basin scale. In addition, a number of thin black shales “Bonarelli precursors” has been observed in the limestones underlying the Bonarelli Level; their occurrence appears to be tuned with Milankovitch cycles. This study investigates palaeoproductivity and preservation in the Bonarelli Level and in the precursors using a high resolution molecular biomarker analysis.

The onset of the Bonarelli deposition i. Equally, the same interval shows an increase in the biomarker proxies related to the intensity of oxygen depletion e. The other two Bonarelli sub-units also reflect fluctuations in oxic-anoxic conditions and palaeoproductivity.

As the molecular compounds thought to reflect qualitative changes in palaeoproductivity and anoxia do not exhibit any significant differencies between the precursor black shales and the Bonarelli Level, the palaeoenvironmental conditions leading to organic-rich sediments were presumably similar. The results from the Italian sites have been compared with two other OAE2 localities, both characterized by proximal depositional settings: Oued Bahloul Tunisia and Tarfaya Morocco.

Abstract On August 28, , a staphylococcal food poisoning outbreak occurred in Umbria , Italy , affecting 24 of the 42 customers who had dinner at a local restaurant. A retrospective cohort study was conducted among the customers. Food and environmental samples were collected. Due to the rapid onset of symptoms vomiting, diarrhea , the food samples were analyzed for the presence of toxigenic bacteria and their toxins; nasopharyngeal swabs were collected from the waiters and cooks.

Among the food tested, high levels of coagulase-positive staphylococci CPS 3. In total, five enterotoxigenic S. These isolates were further characterized by biotyping, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, and multiplex polymerase chain reaction assays for the detection of eleven enterotoxin encoding genes sea, seb, sec, sed, see, seg, seh, sei, sej, sep, and ser and three genes involved in antibiotic resistance mecA, mecC, and mupA.

Three sea-positive strains, isolated from the dessert, environment, and one of the cooks, had the same pulsed-field gel electrophoresis profile and belonged to the human biotype, suggesting that the contamination causing the outbreak most likely originated from a food handler.

This study underlines the. Operational flood forecasting system of Umbria Region “Functional Centre. A detailed procedure for the management of critical events was planned, also in order to define the different role of various authorities and institutions involved.

Tiber River catchment, of which Umbria region represents the main upper-medium portion, includes also regional trans-boundary issues very important to cope with, especially for what concerns large dam behavior and management during heavy rainfall.

The alert system is referred to 6 different warning areas in which the territory has been divided into and based on a threshold system of three different increasing critical levels according. The flood event of November on the Tiber River basin central Italy : real-time flood forecasting with uncertainty supporting risk management and decision-making.

The Italian national hydro-meteorological early warning system is composed by 21 regional offices Functional Centres, CF. Umbria Region central Italy CF provides early warning for floods and landslides, real-time monitoring and decision support systems DSS for the Civil Defence Authorities when significant events occur.

The real-time flood forecasting system is based also on different hydrological and hydraulic forecasting models. Models results are published in real-time in the open source CF web platform: www.

In the period 10thth November , a severe flood event occurred in Umbria mainly affecting the north-eastern area and causing significant economic damages, but fortunately no casualties. The territory was interested by intense and persistent rainfall; the hydro-meteorological monitoring network recorded locally rainfall depth over mm in 72 hours. In the most affected area, the recorded rainfall depths. The Umbria Region, located in Central Italy , is one of the most landslide risk prone area in Italy , almost yearly affected by landslides events at different spatial scales.

For early warning procedures aimed at the assessment of the hydrogeological risk, the rainfall thresholds represent the main tool for the Italian Civil Protection System. As shown in previous studies, soil moisture plays a key-role in landslides triggering. In fact, acting on the pore water pressure, soil moisture influences the rainfall amount needed for activating a landslide. In this work, an operational physically-based early warning system, named PRESSCA, that takes into account soil moisture for the definition of rainfall thresholds is presented.

The integration of three different sources of soil moisture information allows to estimate the most accurate possible soil moisture condition. In this study, the results during the rainfall event of PRESSCA system are described, by underlining the model capability to reproduce, two days in advance, landslide risk scenarios in good spatial and temporal.

The method has been applied to the waveforms recorded during the Umbria -Marche seismic crisis. Short and long term chemical and isotopic variations of Lake Trasimeno Italy. Lake Trasimeno, located in Umbria central Italy , is a shallow lake of a remarkable naturalistic interest and a significant resource for the economy of the region Ludovisi and Gaino, ; Dragoni, The Lake Trasimeno has an average area of about km2 with a maximum depth of approximately 5.

In order to limit water level variations in an efficient outlet was built. At present the water exits from the Lake only when the level reaches a fixed threshold above the outlet channel, so during periods with low precipitation the evaporation becomes the most relevant output from the lake.

For instance, between and the outlet did not work, and the maximum depth of the lake was reduced to little more than three meters. In the framework of climate change, it is important to understand the changes that could affect Lake Trasimeno in the near future.

To this aim it is necessary to individuate the long term trends of the hydrologic, chemical and physical characteristics of the Trasimeno water and distinguish them from the short term variations. At the present it is available a long record of hydrologic data allowing reliable studies on quantitative variations at Lake Trasimeno Dragoni et al. The short term variations readily respond to the precipitation regime and are strongly related to lake level; the long term trend is probably related to the progressive increase of near.

Chiarabba, C. In past years, earthquake forecasting and seismic hazard in Italy have been approached by using geological and geophysical data yielding only a partial definition of seismic release for the main active structures. In this project, we collect seismological and geodetic data to yield deterministic constraints for seismic hazard studies in areas where large earthquakes are expected to occur in a near future, called lacunae.

The basic idea is to massively deploy arrays of instruments in the lacunae areas to acquire seismic and geodetic data with the goals of defining location, geometry and kinematics of the active faults and possibly constraining their strain rate.

These areas are characterized by different tectonics and different historical seismic release. We present results for the areas located along the Apennines: the Umbria and the Abruzzo experiments while for the Alpago-Cansiglio we are still collecting and processing data.

Preliminary results for the Umbria lacuna shows that the collected microearthquakes allow us to clearly recognize the fault system geometry and the deep structure P- and S-wave velocity and attenuation. Integrated stratigraphy and astronomical tuning of Smirra cores, lower Eocene, Umbria -Marche basin, Italy. The early Eocene represents an ideal case study to analyse the impact of increase global warming on the ocean-atmosphere system.

During this time interval, the Earth’s surface experienced a long-term warming trend that culminated in a period of sustained high temperatures called the Early Eocene Climatic Optimum EECO. These perturbations of the ocean-atmosphere system involved the global carbon cycle and global temperatures and have been linked to orbital forcing.

Unravelling this complex climatic system strictly depends on the availability of high-quality suitable geological records and accurate age models. However, discrepancies between the astrochronological and radioisotopic dating techniques complicate the development of a robust time scale for the early Eocene Ma. Here we present the first magneto-, bio-, chemo- and cyclostratigraphic results of the drilling of the land-based Smirra section, in the Umbria Marche Basin.

The sediments recovered at Smirra provide a remarkably well-preserved and undisturbed succession of the early Palaeogene pelagic stratigraphy. These results are then compared to the astronomical tuning of the benthic carbon isotope record of ODP Site to evaluate the different age model options and improve the time scale of the early Eocene by assessing the precise number of eccentricity-related cycles comprised in this critical interval.

Radioactivity in honey of the central Italy. Natural radionuclides and Cs in twenty seven honeys produced in a region of the Central Italy were determined by alpha U, U, Po, Th and Th and gamma spectrometry Cs, 40 K, Ra and Ra. The study was carried out in order to estimate the background levels of natural 40 K, U and Th and their progeny and artificial radionuclides Cs in various honey samples, as well as to compile a data base for radioactivity levels in that region.

The mean of Po activity resulted 0. The mean of U activity resulted 0. The honeys produced in Central Italy were of good quality in relation to the studied parameters, confirming the general image of a genuine and healthy food associated to this traditional products.

The seismically induced landslides are among the most destructive and dangerous effects of an earthquake. In the Italian contest, this is also documented by a national catalogue that collects data related to earthquake-induced ground failures in the last millennium CEDIT database. In particular, Central Italy has been affected by several historical landslides triggered by significant earthquakes, the last of which occurred in August-October , representing the Italian strongest event after the Irpinia earthquake Mw 6.

The study presents the effects of recent seismically induced rockfalls occurred within the Central Italy seismic sequence October 30, along the Nera River gorge between Umbria and Marche. The study area is completely included in the Monti Sibillini National Park, where the highest mountain chain in the Umbrian-Marchean Apennine is located.

Most of rockfalls have affected the “Maiolica” formation, a stratified and fractured pelagic limestone dating to the Early Cretaceous. The seismic sequence produced diffuse instabilities along the SP road within the Nera River gorge: boulders, debris accumulations and diffuse rockfalls have been mapped.

Most of boulders have size ranging from 0. The landslide appears to have originated as a wedge failure, which evolved to free fall when the rock block lost the contact with the stable rock mass. In other words, the quake produced the “explosion” of the rock wall allowing the rockfall process.

Once the rock mass reached the toe of the slope, it was broken triggering a rock avalanche that obstructed both the Nera River and SP road. With the aim to estimate the total volume of involved rock, a field survey was carried out by using a laser rangefinder.

Remote measures were acquired. Phytochemical pattern of Gentiana species of Appennino in central Italy. The molecular pattern of two Gentiana species, G. Results were compared with literature data, examining the differences between the two species. First-order and subsidiary faults controlling the time-space evolution of the Central Italy seismic sequence – a multi-source data detailed 3D reconstruction. At the light of the reconstructed geometric pattern integrated with the evidences of primary co-seismic fractures, it results evident that the Central Italy seismic sequence represents a “classic”, although complex, intra-Apennine normal-faulting event, reactivating a long-term quiescent seismogenic alignment e.

The reactivated and inverted compressional structures are confined at shallow depth within the Vettore footwall, and in no way control the major events of the sequence. Conversely, an important regional role is played by the east-dipping detachment. Interregional comparison of karst disturbance: west- central Florida and southeast Italy. The karst disturbance index KDI consists of 31 environmental indicators contained within the five broad categories: geomorphology, hydrology, atmosphere, biota, and cultural.

Through its application, the utility of the index can be validated and other important comparisons can be made, such as differences in the karst legislations implemented in each region and the effect of time exposure to human occupation to each karst terrain.

Humans have intensively impacted the karst of southeast Italy for thousands of years compared to only decades in west- central Florida.

However, west- central Florida’s higher population density allows the region to reach disturbance levels comparable to those reached over a longer period in Apulia. Similarly, Italian karst is more diverse than the karst found in west- central Florida, creating an opportunity to test all the KDI indicators.

Overall, major disturbances for southeast Italy karst include quarrying, stone clearing, and the dumping of refuse into caves, while west- central Florida suffers most from the infilling of sinkholes, soil compaction, changes in the water table, and vegetation removal. The application of the KDI allows a benchmark of disturbance to be established and later revisited to determine the changing state of human impact for a region.

The highlighting of certain indicators that recorded high levels of disturbance also allows regional planners to allocate resources in a more refined manner. Bio-Monitoring of Ozone by Young Students. An educational pilot project on the bio-monitoring of air quality was carried out in the Umbria Region of Central Italy. It involved about young students ages 4 to 16 from 42 schools of 16 municipalities in active biomonitoring of tropospheric ozone with bio-indicator sensitive tobacco seedlings.

Some raw biological readings were used…. Essential and toxic elements in honeys from a region of central Italy. The degree of humidity, sugar content, pH, free acidity, combined acidity lactones , and total acidity were also measured.

These elements were found to be present in honey in various proportions depending upon 1 the area foraged by bees, 2 flower type visited for collection of nectar, and 3 quality of water in the vicinity of the hive. The honey products synthesized in Central Italy were of good quality, but not completely free of heavy metal contamination. Compared with established recommended daily intakes, heavy metals or trace element intoxication following honey consumption in Italy was found not to be a concern for human health.

Production of gold and ruby-red lustres in Gubbio Umbria , Italy during the Renaissance period. The aim of this work is to gain a further insight into the knowledge of the production process of lustre-decorated ancient majolicas.

Lustre is a sophisticated technique employed in the decoration of majolicas as used in central Italy during the Renaissance period. It consists of a beautiful iridescent gold or ruby-red thin metallic film, containing silver, copper and other substances and obtained in a reducing atmosphere on a previously glazed ceramic. Nowadays, it is not possible to replicate the outstanding results obtained by the ancient ceramicists, since the original recipes were lost.

In this work, we have focussed our attention on ceramic fragments decorated with both gold and ruby-red lustres, which were difficult to obtain due to complex reduction conditions required and which were a prerogative of Gubbio production. The two lustre colours differ in their chemical composition as well in their nanostructure.

The presence of bismuth was disclosed and it was ascertained to be a distinctive feature of the Italian production. An integrated bio-chemostratigraphic framework for Lower Cretaceous Barremian-Cenomanian shallow-water carbonates of the Central Apennines Italy. Shallow-water carbonate platform sections are valuable archives for the reconstruction of deep-time environmental and climatic conditions, but the biostratigraphic resolution is often rather low.

Moreover, chemostratigraphic correlation with well-dated pelagic sections by means of bulk carbonate carbon-isotope stratigraphy is notoriously difficult and afflicted with large uncertainties, as shallow-water sections are particularly prone to the impact of diagenesis. In the current study, an integrated biostratigraphic-chemostratigraphic approach is applied to southern Tethyan Lower Cretaceous carbonate platform deposits Santa Lucia, Monte La Costa sections situated in the Central Apennines in Italy.

The m thick Santa Lucia section, representing an open lagoonal inner carbonate platform setting, provides a characteristic carbon- and oxygen-isotope pattern that allows for correlation with pelagic composite reference curves Vocontian and Umbria Marche basins. Calibrated by means of foraminiferal biostratigraphy and rudist bivalve strontium-isotope stratigraphy, the section serves as local chemostratigraphic shallow-water reference for the Barremian to Cenomanian.

The m thick Monte La Costa section comprises predominantly coarse grained biostromal and often strongly cemented shelf margin deposits. Although benthic foraminifera are scarce and the carbonates evidently suffered strong diagenetic alteration, high-resolution rudist shell strontium-isotope stratigraphy in combination with superimposed carbon-isotope trends and biological-lithological changes e.

At both localities, chemostratigraphy indicates a major gap covering large parts of the Lower and middle Cenomanian. After having considerably improved the stratigraphic resolution of the studied sections, selected best-preserved rudist shells are going. Causal agents of Fusarium head blight of durum wheat Triticum durum Desf. Durum wheat samples harvested in central Italy Umbria were analyzed to: evaluate the occurrence of the fungal community in the grains, molecularly identify the Fusarium spp.

The Fusarium genus was one of the main components of the durum wheat fungal community. In vitro characterization of secondary metabolite biosynthesis was conducted for a wide spectrum of substances, showing the mycotoxigenic potential of the species complex.

Production of aurofusarin, butenolide, gibepyrone D, fusarin C, apicidin was also reported for the analyzed strains. Characterisation and reproduction of yellow pigments used in central Italy for decorating ceramics during Renaissance. This study presents the characterisation of prototypical yellow pigments used during the Renaissance period in Italy and the successful reproduction of homologous materials in accordance with the ancient recipes.

Moreover, a large number of yellow decorative layers of Sicilian ceramic artefacts dated back from 13th to the 19th century have been selected and the main chemical, structural and minero-petrografic features have been studied by X-ray diffraction, optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectrometry.

These results have been compared with literature data of some yellow decorations of Renaissance ceramics made in central Italy. Comparative arguments have shown some intriguing differences that are indicators of both technological transfer processes between central and southern Italy as well as of some local implementations likely due to specific raw materials locally available.

Geomorphic evidence of active faults growth in the Norcia seismic area central Apennines, Italy. Moreover the sub-basins represent the surface evidence of traits belonging to the Norcia seismogenic structure, which have repeatedly caused earthquakes in the past, thus determining similar geological, structural and morphostructural features within the wider Norcia area, without causing the whole structure to rupture.

The size of these sub-basins and, thus, the size of the relevant seismogenic segments, allows to calculate a maximum magnitude for the three sub-basins and for the seismogenic area as a whole. References Aringoli D. Materazzi M, Nibbi L. Morphotectonic characterization of the quaternary intermontane basins in the Umbria -Marche Apennines Italy.

Lincei 25 Suppl 2 , SS DOI Tondi, E. Journal of Geodynamics, 36, Two cases of acute chest discomfort and the Central Italy earthquake. We present the cases of two postmenopausal women presenting to our emergency department with acute chest discomfort soon after the Central Italy earthquake.

Different diagnoses were made in the two patients. The role of the earthquake as a stressful event triggering diverse chest pain syndromes is discussed. Ethnobotanical remarks on Central and Southern Italy. Background The present paper is a brief survey on the ethnobotanical works published by the Authors since , concerning the research carried out in some southern and central Italian regions. Before Roman domination these territories were first inhabited by local people, while the southern areas were colonized by the Greeks.

These different cultural contributions left certain traces, both in the toponyms and in the vernacular names of the plants and, more generally, in the culture as a whole. Methods Field data were collected through open interviews, mainly of farmers, shepherds and elderly people, born or living in these areas for a long time. Voucher specimens of collected plants are preserved in the respective herbaria of the Authors and in the herbarium of “Roma Tre” University.

Important contributions have been made by several students native to the areas under consideration. A comparative analysis with local specific ethnobotanical literature was carried out.

Results The paper reports several examples concerning human and veterinary popular medicine and in addition some anti-parasitic, nutraceutic, dye and miscellaneous uses are also described. Moreover vernacular names and toponyms are cited. Eight regions of central and southern Italy particularly Latium, Abruzzo, Marche and Basilicata were investigated and the data obtained are presented in 32 papers.

Most of the species of ethnobotanical interest have been listed in Latium species , Marche and Abruzzo The paper also highlights particularly interesting aspects or uses not previously described in the specific ethnobotanical literature.

Conclusion Phyto-therapy in central and southern Italy is nowadays practised by a few elderly people who resort to medicinal plants only for mild complaints on the contrary food uses are still commonly practised.

Nowadays therapeutic uses, unlike in the past, are less closely or not at all linked to ritual aspects. Several plants deserve to be taken. A nearly complete and undisturbed Miocene carbonate sequence is present in the easternmost part of the Umbria -Marche basin, Italy , which is ideal for detailed and integrated stratigraphic investigations of the Miocene Epoch. In this study, we were trying to obtain evidence for the presence or absence of distal ejecta from the 15 Ma Ries impact structure in southern Germany, located about km to the north-northwest of the Umbria -Marche basin.

The first step is to find coeval strata in the Umbria -Marche sequence. Together with detailed geologic and stratigraphic information about the Aldo Level, the resulting age can be used confidentially to calibrate the Langhian stage.

Besides providing new constraints on Miocene geochronology, this age can now be used for impact stratigraphic studies. To directly correlate the biotite ages of the La Vedova section with rocks from the Ries impact event, Ries impact glass was also analyzed and found to be coeval. Although unrelated to this impact event, the biotite-rich clay layer should help in the search for evidence of distal ejecta related to the Ries crater.

We present a seismic source model for Central Europe Belgium, Germany, Switzerland, and Austria and Italy , as part of an overall seismic risk and loss modeling project for this region. A separate presentation at this conference discusses the probabilistic seismic hazard and risk assessment Williams et al. Where available we adopt regional consensus models and adjusts these to fit our format, otherwise we develop our own model. Our seismic source model covers the whole region under consideration and consists of the following components: 1.

A subduction zone environment in Calabria, SE Italy , with interface events between the Eurasian and African plates and intraslab events within the subducting slab. The subduction zone interface is parameterized as a set of dipping area sources that follow the geometry of the surface of the subducting plate, whereas intraslab events are modeled as plane sources at depth; 2. The main normal faults in the upper crust along the Apennines mountain range, in Calabria and Central Italy. Dipping faults and sub- vertical faults are parameterized as dipping plane and line sources, respectively; 3.

The Upper and Lower Rhine Graben regime that runs from northern Italy into eastern Belgium, parameterized as a combination of dipping plane and line sources, and finally 4. Background seismicity, parameterized as area sources.

The fault model is based on slip rates using characteristic recurrence. The modeling of background and subduction zone seismicity is based on a compilation of several national and regional historic seismic catalogs using a Gutenberg-Richter recurrence model.

Merging the catalogs encompasses the deletion of double, fake and very old events and the application of a declustering algorithm Reasenberg, The resulting catalog contains a little over events, has an average b-value of Abstract We present the cases of two postmenopausal women presenting to our emergency department with acute chest discomfort soon after the Central Italy earthquake.

Cross-correlation analysis of seismic events in Central -Northern Italy : insights from the geochemical monitoring network of Tuscany. Since late , a geochemical monitoring network is operating in Tuscany, Central Italy , to collect data and possibly identify geochemical anomalies that characteristically occur before regionally significant i.

The network currently consists of 6 stations located in areas already investigated in detail for their geological setting, hydrogeological and geochemical background and boundary conditions. All these stations are equipped for remote, continuous monitoring of selected physicochemical parameters temperature, pH, redox potential, electrical conductivity , and dissolved concentrations of CO2 and CH4.

Additional information are obtained through in situ discrete monitoring. Field surveys are periodically performed to guarantee maintenance and performance control of the sensors of the automatic stations, and to collect water samples for the determination of the chemical and stable isotope composition of all the springs investigated for seismic precursors.

Geochemical continuous signals are numerically processed to remove outliers, monitoring errors and aseismic effects from seasonal and climatic fluctuations. The elaboration of smoothed, long-term time series more than data available today for each station allows for a relatively accurate definition of geochemical background values.

Geochemical values out of the two-sigma relative standard deviation domain are inspected as possible indicators of physicochemical changes related to regional seismic activity. Cross-correlation analysis indicates an apparent relationship between the most important seismic.

An assessment of the feasibility of the use of satellite-only rainfall estimates for the hydrological monitoring in central Italy.

The need for accurate distributed hydrological modelling has constantly increased in last years for several purposes: agricultural applications, water resources management, hydrological balance at watershed scale, floods forecast.

The main input for the hydrological numerical models is rainfall data that present, at the same time, a large availability of measures in gauged regions, with respect to other micro-meteorological variables and the most complex spatial patterns.

While also in presence of densely gauged watersheds the spatial interpolation of the rainfall is a non-trivial problem, due to the spatial intermittence of the variable especially at finer temporal scales , ungauged regions need an alternative source of rainfall data in order to perform the hydrological modelling.

Such source can be constituted by the satellite-estimated rainfall fields, with reference to both geostationary and polar-orbit platforms. In this work the rainfall product obtained by the Aqua-AIRS sensor were used in order to assess the feasibility of the use of satellite-based rainfall as input for distributed hydrological modelling. In particular three experiments were carried on: a hydrological simulation with the use of rain-gauges data, b simulation with the use of satellite-only rainfall estimates, c simulation with the combined use of the two sources of data in order to obtain an optimal estimate of the actual rainfall fields.

The domain of the study was the central Italy. Several critical events occurred in the area were analyzed. A discussion of the results is provided. Case ascertainment was based on the presence of a primary nodular lesion in the lung and cytological or histological documentation of cancer from a primary or metastatic site.

Outcome measures Sensitivity, specificity and positive predictive value PPV for Results cases and 94 non-cases were randomly selected from each database and the corresponding medical charts were reviewed. Most of the diagnoses for lung cancer were performed in medical departments. True positive rates were high for all the three units. Conclusions Case ascertainment for lung cancer based on imaging or endoscopy associated with histological examination yielded an excellent sensitivity in all the three administrative databases.

We defined a seismogenic source model for central Italy and computed the relative forecast scenario, in order to submit the results to the CSEP Collaboratory for the study of Earthquake Predictability, www. The goal of CSEP project is developing a virtual, distributed laboratory that supports a wide range of scientific prediction experiments in multiple regional or global natural laboratories, and Italy is the first region in Europe for which fully prospective testing is planned.

This case-referent study evaluated cancer risks among farmers in central Italy. Farmers had a decreased risk of lung and bladder cancer and melanoma and nonsignificant excess risks for stomach, rectal, kidney, and nonmelanoma skin cancer.

Possible relationships emerged between specific crops and cancer: fruit and colon and bladder cancer, wheat and prostate cancer, olives and kidney cancer, and potato and kidney cancer. The results regarding stomach, pancreatic, lung, bladder, and prostate cancer and melanoma congrue with earlier results. The kidney cancer excess, the association of colon and bladder cancer with orchard farming, and the excess of rectal cancer among licensed farmers are new and unexpected findings. Volatile components of horsetail Hippuris vulgaris L.

Hippuris vulgaris, also known as horsetail or marestail, is a freshwater macrophyte occurring in lakes, rivers, ponds and marshes. In the present study, we analysed for the first time the volatile composition of H. For the purpose, the essential oil was obtained by hydrodistillation and analysed by GC-MS. The chemical composition was dominated by aliphatic compounds such as fatty acids These compounds are here proposed as chemotaxonomic markers of the species.

Hydrogeochemical response of groundwater springs during central Italy earthquakes 24 August and October Co-seismic hydrological and chemical response at groundwater springs following strong earthquakes is a significant concern in the Apennines, a region in central Italy characterized by regional karstic groundwater systems interacting with active normal faults capable of producing Mw 6.

These aquifers also provide water supply to major metropolitan areas in the region. On August 24, , a Mw 6. The epicenter of the event was located at the segment boundary between the Mt. Vettore and Mt. Laga faults. On October 26, and on October 30, , three other big shocks Mw 5. Immediately after Aug. Thermal springs connected with deep groundwater flowpaths were also sampled.

These springs, sampled previously in and , provide some pre-earthquake data. Moreover, we sampled 4 springs along the Mt. Vettore fault system: 3 small springs at Forca di Presta, close to the trace of the earthquake surface ruptures, and two in Castel Sant’Angelo sul Nera.

The latter are feeding the Nera aqueduct and the Nerea S. The aim of this study is to evaluate the strong earthquake sequence effects on the hydrochemistry and flow paths of groundwater from different aquifer settings based on analysis before and after seismic events. The comparison between the responses of springs ca. Epiphytic lichens as sentinels for heavy metal pollution at forest ecosystems central Italy. The results of a study using epiphytic lichens Parmelia caperata as sentinels for heavy metal deposition at six selected forest ecosystems of central Italy are reported.

The woods investigated are characterized by holm oak Quercus ilex , turkey oak Quercus cerris and beech Fagus sylvatica and represent the typical forest ecosystems of central Italy at low, medium and high elevations, respectively.

The results showed that levels of heavy metals in lichens were relatively low and consequently no risk of heavy metal air pollution is expected for the six forest ecosystems investigated. However, for two of them there are indications of a potential risk: the beech forest of Vallombrosa showed signs of contamination by Pb as a consequence of vehicle traffic due to the rather high touristic pressure in the area, and the holm oak forest of Cala Violina showed transboundary pollution by Mn, Cr and Ni originating from the steel industry in Piombino.

Epiphytic lichens proved to be very effective as an early warning system to detect signs of a changing environment at forest ecosystems. Microstructural investigations on carbonate fault core rocks in active extensional fault zones from the central Apennines Italy. The study of the microstructural and petrophysical evolution of cataclasites and gouges has a fundamental impact on both hydraulic and frictional properties of fault zones.

In the last decades, growing attention has been payed to the characterization of carbonate fault core rocks due to the nucleation and propagation of coseismic ruptures in carbonate successions e. Among several physical parameters, grain size and shape in fault core rocks are expected to control the way of sliding along the slip surfaces in active fault zones, thus influencing the propagation of coseismic ruptures during earthquakes.

Nevertheless, the role of grain size and shape distribution evolution in controlling the weakening or strengthening behavior in seismogenic fault zones is still not fully understood also because a comprehensive database from natural fault cores is still missing.

In this contribution, we present a preliminary study of seismogenic extensional fault zones in Central Apennines by combining detailed filed mapping with grain size and microstructural analysis of fault core rocks.

❿

 

Windows 10 1703 download iso italy vsp – windows 10 1703 download iso italy vsp.

 

Marco Lalle. Michel Vervoort. Jorge Tovar. Jo Cable. John Krieger. Guy Naamati. Masaharu Tokoro. Paul Gordon. Swapnil Tichkule. Log in with Facebook Log in with Google. Remember me on this computer. Enter the email address you signed up with and we’ll email you a reset link.

Need an account? Click here to sign up. Download Free PDF. A genomic survey of the fish parasite Spironucleus salmonicida indicates genomic plasticity among diplomonads and significant lateral gene transfer in eukaryote genome evolution. John Logsdon. Abstract Comparative genomic studies of the mitochondrion-lacking protist group Diplomonadida diplomonads has been lacking, although Giardia lamblia has been intensively studied.

Related Papers. Molecular phylogenetics and evolution Lateral transfer of the gene for a widely used marker,[alpha]-tubulin, indicated by a multi-protein study of the phylogenetic position of Andalucia Excavata. Trichomonas vaginalis vast BspA-like gene family: evidence for functional diversity from structural organisation and transcriptomics. Molecular Microbiology Novel mitochondrion-related organelles in the anaerobic amoeba Mastigamoeba balamuthi: Novel mitochondrion-related organelles in M.

Gene Putative telomerase catalytic subunits from Giardia lamblia and Caenorhabditis elegans. Nature Mitochondrial remnant organelles of Giardia function in iron-sulphur protein maturation. Abstract Background: Comparative genomic studies of the mitochondrion-lacking protist group Diplomonadida diplomonads has been lacking, although Giardia lamblia has been intensively studied. Results: The analyses revealed a compact genome with few, if any, introns and very short 3′ untranslated regions.

Rigorous phylogenomic analyses identified 84 genes — mostly encoding metabolic proteins — that have been acquired by diplomonads or their relatively close ancestors via lateral gene transfer LGT. Although most acquisitions were from prokaryotes, more than a dozen represent likely transfers of genes between eukaryotic lineages. Many genes that provide novel insights into the genetic basis of the biology and pathogenicity of this parasitic protist were identified including that putatively encode variant-surface cysteine-rich proteins which are candidate virulence factors.

A number of genomic properties that distinguish S. Conclusion: Our results highlight the power of comparative genomic studies to yield insights into the biology of parasitic protists and the evolution of their genomes, and suggest that genetic exchange between distantly-related protist lineages may be occurring at an appreciable rate in eukaryote genome evolution.

These results suggest that the diplokary- or micro-aerophilic environments [1]. Most research on otic state of diplomonads arose multiple times independ- diplomonads has focused on Giardia lamblia syn. Giardia ently, or that the monokaryon of enteromonads is a intestinalis, Giardia duodenalis , which is a major cause of derived feature.

Large genetic and biological variation also water-borne enteric disease in humans in both industrial- exists within diplomonads. For example, Spironucleus, ised and developing countries [2]. However, there are Trepomonas and Hexamita, form a monophyletic clade to important variations in lifestyles among diplomonads; the exclusion of Giardia in phylogenetic trees [24], and use although many are endocommensals or parasites associ- an alternative genetic code whereby TAA and TAG, rather ated with animals, there are also several free-living spe- than being stop codons, encode glutamine [25,26].

Most members of the genomic architecture of diplomonads in general and genus Spironucleus are parasites, typically of fish but also Spironucleus in particular, we initiated a genome survey of birds and mice; several Spironucleus species have been project in S. To maximize gene discovery we shown to cause disease in their hosts [1], although essen- obtained expressed sequence tag EST and genomic sur- tially nothing is known about the virulence mechanisms vey sequences GSS , and completely sequenced eleven of Spironucleus species.

Spironucleus salmonicida, the focus contigs. Here, we present analyses of the complete set of of this study, can cause systemic and organ infections in sequences obtained in the genome survey project. This isolate was previously salmonicida genome, these data provide key insights into known as Spironucleus barkhanus [5], but pathogenic iso- the genome-level properties of S. From but genetically distinct, fish commensal isolates of S. Accordingly, they were described as ‘biological fossils’, true eukaryotes Results and discussion with many peculiarities e.

However, advances This sequence survey of S. The the genetics and molecular evolution of this diplomonad current interpretation of the phylogeny of eukaryotes [16,]. Together with a few other studies, these have lends no support for diplomonads as the earliest eukaryo- resulted in about thirty S.

Indeed, a sister-group relationship databases. The present analysis of the complete set of between diplomonads and parabasalids to the exclusion EST and GSS sequences, combined with a the of other eukaryotic lineages and the root has recently been complete sequence of eleven contigs corresponding to 80 demonstrated, based both on phylogenetic analysis of kbp unique sequence Additional file 1 , extend this concatenated protein-coding sequences [], and on information to include unique protein coding shared gene acquisitions [16,17].

Diplomonads and para- genes, two ribosomal RNA genes and 20 tRNA genes basalids are now classified within the eukaryotic super- Table 1 and Additional file 2. Altogether our sequence group Excavata [18]. Furthermore, diplomonads seem to data cover more than 2. The only genome size reported from a diplo- “primitive” eukaryotes, including an organelle with mito- monad is 12 Mbp for the genome of G. The chondrial ancestry mitosome [19] and intron-contain- genome size of S.

Sp7, These observations indicate that our obtained sequences Sp10, and Sp Figure 1. The marks on the x axis indicate 1 kbp. Black lines, dark grey and light grey lines indicate anno- tated genes with sequence similarities in the public databases, hypothetical genes with matches in the EST data, and hypotheti- cal genes without matches in the public databases or EST data, respectively.

The position of the line on the y axis indicates the GC3s value of the gene, an arrow indicates its direction strand , and the annotated gene function is indicated. The order of the contigs is arbitrary.

Our analyses do not identify Analysis of the eleven completely sequenced contigs any strong consensus sequence outside the conserved showed that the coding density varies significantly unique termination codon TGA, although we observe a between contigs Figure 1 and Additional file 1. Some preference for A in the position two bases upstream of the parts of the genome appear to be very gene-dense, with termination codon, and a T immediately downstream short intergenic regions.

In fact, six cases of putative over- Figure 2B. Interestingly, the three most conserved nucle- lapping open reading frames ORFs were identified, sim- otides in the G. The lengths of the central TRA nucleotides, which is similar to the situation overlapping regions range from 1 to bp; in four cases in S.

Furthermore, a preference for a U-rich they are encoded in the same direction, while in the other region close to the polyA tail is also apparent, a pattern two cases the 5′ regions overlap. Experimental studies are conserved in many eukaryotes but not Giardia [41,42]. Nevertheless, the whole genome does not seem to a loose control of transcription [43].

Indeed, our data indicate considerable var- Figure 1. However, we were unable to detect any sequence similar- ity to genes that are associated with telomeres in G. An intron should be of the rRNA genes in S. The promoters are short; less than the gene sequence.

This approach was used to identify 70 bp is needed for efficient expression of most genes, potential introns using similarity searches with the EST even if they are stage-specific [38]. The S. Given that the transcriptional start site and are essential and suffi- only a few introns have been detected within the diplo- cient for promoter activity [39].

However, eukaryotic promoter motifs Figure 2A. However, AT-rich two introns were detected in one of the first genes stretches are found close to the translational start sites, or sequenced from Carpediemonas [44], an excavate taxon in the first 50 bp upstream Figure 2A and the intergenic and possible sister lineage to diplomonads.

Thus, introns regions are very short Figure 1. Thus, the S. A basic spliceosomal organisation is present in Gia- tion codon could be mapped in EST clones. The 3′ rdia suggesting that the spliceosome is ancestral to extant untranslated regions UTR of S. Although our analyses did not identify to be short; the average distance between the termination any proteins likely to be involved in splicing in S.

Such very short 3′ UTRs have pre- spliceosomal apparatus are present in S. In genes, distributed among all functional categories, repre- G. A: 5′ regions of full-length genes from the completely sequenced contigs.

The initiation codons of nine genes in the contigs Figure 1 could be precisely identified based on sequence conservation com- pared to orthologs. The 5′ sequences are aligned based on the initiation codons indicated by a box. Among these were genes involved in transla- tRNA. The identification of a putative Sec tRNA, which is tion: 74 genes encoding ribosomal proteins, many trans- a central component of selenoprotein biosynthesis [47], lation factors, and fifteen different tRNA synthetases were in our data set suggests that Spironucleus is able to use the identified Additional file 2.

Twenty tRNA genes were single stop codon UGA to incorporate this rare amino identified, which cover 24 of the 63 sense codons allow- acid into selenoproteins. Indeed, the usage of seleno- ing for the normal wobble rules for codon-anticodon cysteine seems to be widespread feature in protists; Sec pairing.

Interestingly, all 64 codons appear to have the The identified proteins within the cellular, environmental potential to code for incorporation of amino acids into information, and genetic information process categories proteins in S. This is [28] and a cysteine desulfurase called Nifsp in Saccharo- indeed expected from the current view of diplomonad myces cerevisiae , a key enzyme of the Fe-S cluster synthesis phylogeny and cell biology see Background section.

Orthologous proteins of Interestingly, only eight Rab genes were found in G. Localization studies of these two proteins should more-complex endomembrane system in this parabasalid indeed be very useful to investigate whether S.

Two of the five Rab proteins identified in our survey contains mitosomes. The G. The function of the G. Yet, a For example, relatively few enzymes involved in amino single dynamin-like protein encoding gene is also found acid metabolism were detected Additional file 2.

Ami- in three kinetoplastid genomes two Trypanosoma and one noacyl-tRNA synthetases are classified into this category, Leishmania [55] and the microsporidium Encephalitozoon but they are atypical since they are essential for protein cuniculi [56], whereas most eukaryotic genomes encode synthesis.

Furthermore, only a single protein malate several dynamin-like paralogues that function either in dehydrogenase associated with the tricarboxylic acid membrane trafficking or organelle division mitochon- TCA cycle was found. However, malate dehydrogenase dria and plastids [57]. Interestingly, the single dynamin- actually functions in a pyruvate synthesis pathway in G.

Hence the single ilar role in S. In contrast, several glycolytic dynamin-like proteins in Spironucleus, Giardia and proteins are present in our data set Additional file 2.

Encephalitozoon could all be involved in mitosome divi- This pattern of metabolic proteins is expected from a fer- sion. The predicted amino acid sequences of genes were These similarities between S. Most of these were anno- such an environment in the two lineages. Indeed, a con- tated as conserved hypothetical proteins, although some siderable fraction of the metabolic proteins was found to could be assigned to a functional category Additional file be more closely related to prokaryotic rather than eukary- 2.

Most of the cysteine residues were found as CXXC otic homologs in the phylogenomic analyses, suggesting motifs Figure 3 and data not shown. Such an arrange- acquisition of these genes by gene transfer see further dis- ment is similar to the large protein family of variant-spe- cussion below.

Does S. A new organelle, the mitosome, has recently been identi- salmonicida showed highest sequence similarities to G.

Currently, the only known function of motifs of G. The phylogenetic relationship between G. Indeed, in similarity and S. These observa- present in all extent eukaryotes [10] strongly suggest that tions indicate that diplomonads vary greatly in their the common ancestor of the two species contained an cysteine-rich proteins; the gene families indeed appear to organelle with mitochondrial ancestry.

Among the cysteine-rich proteins coding sequences two are likely to represent full-length ORFs. These are In the laboratory, Spironucleus muris is transmitted as cysts strong candidate surface proteins since they possess a in fecal material like Giardia [66]. Cysts of S. A total of 14 even display the same immunostaining as Giardia cysts sequences encoding partial proteins with cysteine-rich when labeled with antibodies specific for Giardia cyst wall domains possess similar structural organization as the [66].

We identified one homolog of G. No TM domains could be found in the remaining phosphate isomerase and UDP-N-acetylglucosamine cysteine-rich proteins within our dataset. However, in sev- pyrophosphorylase — Additional file 2. The presence of eral cases these partial cysteine-rich proteins show high these three genes indicate that S.

This initiates infection in fish. These genes are stage-specifically observation is consistent with the genome of S. Characteristic features in G. None of the at a relatively high frequency, which is important for genes encoding disc-specific proteins in G. In contrast to G. Cysteine proteases are essential for pathogenicity pathogenicity and invasion of the intestine of E.

There- Spironucleus species have been described as a cause of dis- fore the several cysteine proteases that were found in our ease in hosts that include birds, fish and mice [1]; S. However, essentially nothing is known about viru- Secretion of cysteine proteases was indeed recently shown lence factors in Spironucleus. In healthy fish, the parasite to occur from trophozoites of G. Cysteine protease activities are stage trophozoites in the lumen of the upper intestine, also important for excystation and encystation of Giardia where it remains attached to the intestinal mucosa, con- [70,71], suggesting yet another potential role for these trolled by the mucosal immune system of the host.

This enzymes in S. Antigenic variation among the identified Genome-wide mutational processes have been identified cysteine-rich proteins in S. Nitric oxide NO and reactive oxygen tions within genomes may be explained by selection species ROS are important factors in the host’s protec- [72,73]. We analyzed sequences of genes to examine tion against mucosal pathogens [62]. The random sequencing of ESTs from a non- teins and arginine deiminase Additional file 2.

These normalized cDNA library provided a rough estimate of proteins, which are coded by genes putatively acquired the expression levels of S. The dia- gram shows the position of the seven furin-like domains SM — orange boxes relative the transmembrane domain blue box as determined by SMART4.

Due to the overlap between these infer- ences only the furin-like domains are shown for simplicity. This is consistent with the hypothesis that cysteine-rich domains are facing the extracellular milieu where they could interact with other proteins.

The alignment of the seven inferred furin-like domains as inferred by T-COFFEE [] is shown below the diagram, with the positions of the first and last residue of each domain indicated on the left. Cysteines are highlighted in red and bold. No putative signal peptide was found with SignalP3. This protein has a similar structural organization as the one shown in A with three EGF-like domains inferred to face the external milieu.

The three EGF-like domains were aligned manually. In addition, this sequence may have a signal peptide indicated by a red box since the S-score is positive in SignalP3.

C: Domain organization of G. All dia- grams are drawn to scale. A mates of expression levels were available for a few of the distinct pattern was found for genes never found in the genes. Our study provides, for a much larger dataset, a EST library “weakly expressed” , for which codon usage connection between the subset of genes with a strong is more uniform, with no codons strongly dominating.

To codon bias, and an indirect indication of expression levels compare our results with a previous study from Giardia cDNA abundance , corroborating the earlier conclusion [74], G. In salmonicida. The analysis Interestingly, the favored codons differed between S. In nine of highly expressed genes, while the putatively weakly the cases where there is a difference between the two spe- expressed genes have a more uniform amino acid usage.

The tenth case is a two-fold salmonicida genes degenerate amino acid where S. There is a mous position GC3s , and performed correspondence distinction between the base compositional biases in G. This is an expected pat- Figure 4A. For G. However, a differences seem to have influenced the codon preferences separation of the genes into different categories can be in the two diplomonad lineages in the highly expressed observed: the vast majority of the weakly expressed genes genes as well.

In the absence of information about codon have GC3s values between 0. At any rate, the usage of an the third synonymous position is the main determinant of alternative genetic code in Spironucleus but not Giardia the codon usage in both S. Expres- glutamine codons. The canonical stop codon UAA is sion levels strongly influence the second axis in the corre- indeed the most common codon for glutamine in our spondence analysis for S.

No such trend is observed for G. These weakly expressed genes in S. Unexpectedly, analyses clearly indicate that there is selection on codon the Nc’ values for genes with GC3s above 0. Translation genes, the Nc’ values should be close to the maximum. Genes are represented by different colors and symbols according to the number of times they were sampled within the EST data. Genes identified to be involved in gene transfer and are shared with G.

If the observed codon usage pattern is more uniform than expected by chance, the Nc’ value is set to 61 [75, ]. The candidate LGTs unique to S. Also, the large spread of the genes to the Although some genes with high GC3s values do show left on axis 1 which is strongly correlated with GC3s — indications of gene transfer in the phylogenomic analyses, Figure 4C argues against selection for an alternative set the majority do not Figure 4A, C.

In fact, many of these of optimal codons in these genes. Cases where two S. Thus, Additional Files 3, 4, 5, 6. Furthermore, on average five genes with unexpected codon usage i. How- tion codons in all characterized prokaryotes [84] were ever, neither mutational or selection scenarios can easily detected in 21 of the remaining 27 putatively transferred explain their non-random codon usage, nor the fluctua- genes, strongly suggesting a true S.

Heterogeneity in for these genes. For S. We cannot formally siae a unicellular eukaryote with a compact genome, that exclude contamination on the basis of presence of alterna- is more directly comparable to S.

At any rate, together these observations rience different chemical environments [see [78] and ref- indicate that the phylogenetic pattern we interpret as erences therein]. Longer genomic fragments, as well as putative LGT events are unlikely to result from substantial comparative data from more-closely related diplomon- contamination of our libraries. Some Spironucleus genes were strongly associated Phylogenomic analysis reveals frequent lateral gene with genes from distantly related organisms.

For example, transfer the S. LGT in diplomonads on a single-gene basis [16,17,], Such anomalous positions of the diplomonads genes []. Here we present a systematic phylogenomic anal- strongly suggest gene transfer events. Many datasets con- ysis of the complete EST and GSS data sets with the goal tain sequences from only one or a few eukaryotic taxa of identifying S. We used the PhyloGenie package [83] to assemble diplomonads are the only eukaryotes present Figure 5B— aligned amino acid data sets automatically from databases D.

Although the separation of diplomonad from the including both published sequences and data from ongo- other eukaryotic sequences is sometimes weak i. Figure ing eukaryotic genome projects see Methods. PCC Clostridium tetani Nostoc punctiforme Clostridium thermocellum 85 Synechococcus elongatus 64 84 Trichomonas vaginalis 84 Trichomonas vaginalis 73 Synechococcus sp. WH 97 99 Prochlorococcus marinus subsp. Delta H 54 uncultured proteobacterium QS1 Methanococcus maripaludis Entamoeba histolytica 61 Nocardia farcinica unknown taxonomy Chromobacterium violaceum Wolinella succinogenes 61 Nostoc punctiforme Thermoanaerobacter tengcongensis 92 Trichodesmium erythraeum Archaeoglobus fulgidus 68 Thermococcus kodakaraensis Crocosphaera watsonii 70 Thermotoga maritima 60 Synechocystis sp.

PCC Clostridium acetobutylicum 96 Thermosynechococcus elongatus 95 Clostridium tetani Gloeobacter violaceus Clostridium thermocellum 62 64 Methanosarcina barkeri Prochlorococcus marinus Methanosarcina acetivorans Homo sapiens Archaeoglobus fulgidus 95 Macaca fascicularis Chlorobium tepidum 88 Tetraodon nigroviridis Magnetococcus sp. MC-1 Dehalococcoides ethenogenes Tetraodon nigroviridis Geobacter metallireducens Tetraodon nigroviridis 59 Methanothermobacter thermautotrophicus 86 Thalassiosira pseudonana 75 Methanosarcina acetivorans Tetrahymena thermophila 90 Methanococcoides burtonii 78 Desulfovibrio vulgaris 94 Thalassiosira pseudonana Geobacter sulfurreducens Anabaena variabilis Desulfitobacterium hafniense 60 Gloeobacter violaceus Desulfovibrio desulfuricans uncultured proteobacterium QS1 53 95 Synechococcus sp.

ML tree of conceptually translated, aligned amino acid positions of A arginine deiminase, B conserved hypothetical protein, C conserved hypothetical protein, D carotenoid isomerase, and E rubrerythrin. Details about the phylogenetic analyses are found in the Methods section, and complete accession numbers and complete species names are found in Addi- tional files 4 and 6.

The unrooted trees are arbitrarily rooted for the presentation. Eukaryotes are in boldface and labeled according to their classification into super-groups [18]: Opisthokonta orange , Amoebozoa purple , Chromalveolata red , Archaeplastida green , and Excavata brown. The genes for two enzymes in the pathway, arginine deiminase and ornithine transcar- There are indeed examples of inferences of LGT based on bamoylase, appear to have been acquired from prokaryo- unexpected patterns of phyletic distribution that have pre- tes in a common ancestor of diplomonads and viously been shown to be wrong.

Re-analyses of the puta- parabasalids, whereas carbamate kinase may have distinct tive bacteria-to-vertebrate gene transfer events in the LGT origins in the two groups Figure 5A and trees 10 human genome using phylogenetic analyses instead of and 30 in Additional file 4. Similarly, S. Phylogenetic analyses may also defense see above [62,64,65] that are also found in lead to false positive interpretations of LGT.

For example, anaerobic prokaryotes and eukaryotes including Enta- phylogenetic analysis indicated an LGT origin of the T. On the other hand, re- advantages to the recipient protist lineages. Indeed, dis- analyses using extended taxon sampling and more tantly related lineages that live in the same environment advanced models of sequence evolution of four genes appear to frequently transfer genes [89].

Obviously, additional acquired metabolic genes Additional file 3. Therefore, it is inevitable that the list eral origin, and in previous phylogenomic studies 96 E. Nevertheless, our Cryptosporidium parvum and genes in anaerobic cili- phylogenomic analysis indicates that vertical inheritance ates were found to represent candidate LGT genes combined with gene duplication and gene loss is rather [51,55,91,92].

Thus, numerous inter-domain gene trans- unlikely to have produced the observed phylogenetic rela- fer events have been identified in four divergent protist tionships and patchy taxonomic distributions and that lineages — Spironucleus, Entamoeba, kinetoplastids gene transfer is the simplest hypothesis currently available Trypanosoma and Leishmania and anaerobic ciliates — to explain these trees.

Hence our analyses indicate that supporting the idea that gene acquisition from prokaryo- LGT has been an important mechanism in the evolution tic organisms is a common evolutionary mechanism in of the S. In all these studies, metabolic genes have been found to be the most common Acquisitions of prokaryotic metabolic genes in the functional category among the genes implicated in LGT evolution of protist genomes genes.

This bias is not unexpected, as a higher rate of transfer for metabolic genes compared to informational genes has G. In the events, while no closely related G. For example, amino rdia lineages. The remaining 19 events could have taken acids have been identified to be a source of energy in place in the S. Among losses in the latter could also explain the observed pattern. Additional eukaryote-to-eukaryote other S. Some in fact do show deviant transfers may actually have occurred among the genes that codon usage indices Figure 5A, B suggesting a more did not show any indication of prokaryote-to-eukaryote recent acquisition compared to the other cases.

However, transfer. A few examples of gene transfers between unicel- there are many other S. The 13 putative intra-domain ure 4A, B , suggesting that codon usage pattern alone is a transfers identified here further suggest that LGT between poor indicator of LGT in S. In 12 cases where both Spironucleus and Gia- neglected. This Conclusion pattern has previously been observed for candidate later- The vast majority of eukaryotic diversity is represented by ally transferred genes [16,17,80] and almost certainly protists [18], yet only a few protist genome sequencing reflects a common ancestry of diplomonads and paraba- projects have been published.

Our sequence survey study salids to the exclusion of other sampled eukaryotic line- has indicated that a combined approach using both ran- ages, although the possibility of gene transfer between the dom sampling from the genome GSSs and ESTs is suc- two lineages cannot be formally excluded. However, a cessful in identifying genes Table 1.

We identified diplomonad-parabasalia relationship has recently been genes from the GSS sequences, while genes with shown to be robust in several phylogenetic analyses of homologies in other organisms were detected among the concatenated protein sequences []. As some EST sequences. As we have collected more than twice as acquired genes are unique to S.

However, EST LGT in these excavate lineages continuously throughout sequencing is biased towards identification of highly their evolutionary history. Further characterization of the expressed genes, such as genes involved in genetic infor- phylogenetic distribution of these genes may provide mation processing, especially translation, while GSS information about organismal relationships within Exca- sequencing detects a more random selection of genes vata [99].

Table 1. This functional bias of the genes detected in EST surveys may be an advantage if the objective of the study In the four previous phylogenomic studies of LGT in pro- is mainly to identify genes previously identified in other tists [51,55,91,92] only prokaryote-to-eukaryote transfer organisms using the same approach, but is a limitation if events were examined. Our selection procedure allowed sampling gene diversity is the aim.

In combination with ads and parabasalids, and then transferred to the lineage complete sequencing of a few contigs, this approach was leading to Dictyostelium Figure 5A. Seventeen genes were efficient in revealing much about the S. Although we could identify more than genes to 13 unique events Additional file 3. Twelve of these with annotated functions, conserved hypothetical pro- cases are exchanges between the lineage leading to S.

Furthermore, with the Entamoeba lineage, and a single case with the 13 among the 38 genes identified within the contigs did Mastigamoeba lineage Figure 5A, Additional files 3, 4, 5, not show any significant sequence similarity to genes in 6. This suggests that a large fraction with genome sequences, and several diverse and com- of the genes in S.

It is plete G. Sequencing identified individual S. A studied eukaryotes, including its closest intensively stud- genomic DNA library was constructed for GSS sequenc- ied relative, the diplomonad G. Mass in are diverse. For example, in the S. The onset of the Bonarelli deposition i. Equally, the same interval shows an increase in the biomarker proxies related to the intensity of oxygen depletion e. The other two Bonarelli sub-units also reflect fluctuations in oxic-anoxic conditions and palaeoproductivity.

As the molecular compounds thought to reflect qualitative changes in palaeoproductivity and anoxia do not exhibit any significant differencies between the precursor black shales and the Bonarelli Level, the palaeoenvironmental conditions leading to organic-rich sediments were presumably similar. The results from the Italian sites have been compared with two other OAE2 localities, both characterized by proximal depositional settings: Oued Bahloul Tunisia and Tarfaya Morocco.

Abstract On August 28, , a staphylococcal food poisoning outbreak occurred in Umbria , Italy , affecting 24 of the 42 customers who had dinner at a local restaurant. A retrospective cohort study was conducted among the customers. Food and environmental samples were collected. Due to the rapid onset of symptoms vomiting, diarrhea , the food samples were analyzed for the presence of toxigenic bacteria and their toxins; nasopharyngeal swabs were collected from the waiters and cooks.

Among the food tested, high levels of coagulase-positive staphylococci CPS 3. In total, five enterotoxigenic S. These isolates were further characterized by biotyping, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, and multiplex polymerase chain reaction assays for the detection of eleven enterotoxin encoding genes sea, seb, sec, sed, see, seg, seh, sei, sej, sep, and ser and three genes involved in antibiotic resistance mecA, mecC, and mupA. Three sea-positive strains, isolated from the dessert, environment, and one of the cooks, had the same pulsed-field gel electrophoresis profile and belonged to the human biotype, suggesting that the contamination causing the outbreak most likely originated from a food handler.

This study underlines the. Operational flood forecasting system of Umbria Region “Functional Centre. A detailed procedure for the management of critical events was planned, also in order to define the different role of various authorities and institutions involved.

Tiber River catchment, of which Umbria region represents the main upper-medium portion, includes also regional trans-boundary issues very important to cope with, especially for what concerns large dam behavior and management during heavy rainfall. The alert system is referred to 6 different warning areas in which the territory has been divided into and based on a threshold system of three different increasing critical levels according. The flood event of November on the Tiber River basin central Italy : real-time flood forecasting with uncertainty supporting risk management and decision-making.

The Italian national hydro-meteorological early warning system is composed by 21 regional offices Functional Centres, CF.

Umbria Region central Italy CF provides early warning for floods and landslides, real-time monitoring and decision support systems DSS for the Civil Defence Authorities when significant events occur. The real-time flood forecasting system is based also on different hydrological and hydraulic forecasting models.

Models results are published in real-time in the open source CF web platform: www. In the period 10thth November , a severe flood event occurred in Umbria mainly affecting the north-eastern area and causing significant economic damages, but fortunately no casualties. The territory was interested by intense and persistent rainfall; the hydro-meteorological monitoring network recorded locally rainfall depth over mm in 72 hours.

In the most affected area, the recorded rainfall depths. The Umbria Region, located in Central Italy , is one of the most landslide risk prone area in Italy , almost yearly affected by landslides events at different spatial scales. For early warning procedures aimed at the assessment of the hydrogeological risk, the rainfall thresholds represent the main tool for the Italian Civil Protection System. As shown in previous studies, soil moisture plays a key-role in landslides triggering.

In fact, acting on the pore water pressure, soil moisture influences the rainfall amount needed for activating a landslide. In this work, an operational physically-based early warning system, named PRESSCA, that takes into account soil moisture for the definition of rainfall thresholds is presented.

The integration of three different sources of soil moisture information allows to estimate the most accurate possible soil moisture condition. In this study, the results during the rainfall event of PRESSCA system are described, by underlining the model capability to reproduce, two days in advance, landslide risk scenarios in good spatial and temporal.

The method has been applied to the waveforms recorded during the Umbria -Marche seismic crisis. Short and long term chemical and isotopic variations of Lake Trasimeno Italy. Lake Trasimeno, located in Umbria central Italy , is a shallow lake of a remarkable naturalistic interest and a significant resource for the economy of the region Ludovisi and Gaino, ; Dragoni, The Lake Trasimeno has an average area of about km2 with a maximum depth of approximately 5.

In order to limit water level variations in an efficient outlet was built. At present the water exits from the Lake only when the level reaches a fixed threshold above the outlet channel, so during periods with low precipitation the evaporation becomes the most relevant output from the lake.

For instance, between and the outlet did not work, and the maximum depth of the lake was reduced to little more than three meters. In the framework of climate change, it is important to understand the changes that could affect Lake Trasimeno in the near future. To this aim it is necessary to individuate the long term trends of the hydrologic, chemical and physical characteristics of the Trasimeno water and distinguish them from the short term variations.

At the present it is available a long record of hydrologic data allowing reliable studies on quantitative variations at Lake Trasimeno Dragoni et al. The short term variations readily respond to the precipitation regime and are strongly related to lake level; the long term trend is probably related to the progressive increase of near. Chiarabba, C. In past years, earthquake forecasting and seismic hazard in Italy have been approached by using geological and geophysical data yielding only a partial definition of seismic release for the main active structures.

In this project, we collect seismological and geodetic data to yield deterministic constraints for seismic hazard studies in areas where large earthquakes are expected to occur in a near future, called lacunae. The basic idea is to massively deploy arrays of instruments in the lacunae areas to acquire seismic and geodetic data with the goals of defining location, geometry and kinematics of the active faults and possibly constraining their strain rate.

These areas are characterized by different tectonics and different historical seismic release. We present results for the areas located along the Apennines: the Umbria and the Abruzzo experiments while for the Alpago-Cansiglio we are still collecting and processing data.

Preliminary results for the Umbria lacuna shows that the collected microearthquakes allow us to clearly recognize the fault system geometry and the deep structure P- and S-wave velocity and attenuation. Integrated stratigraphy and astronomical tuning of Smirra cores, lower Eocene, Umbria -Marche basin, Italy. The early Eocene represents an ideal case study to analyse the impact of increase global warming on the ocean-atmosphere system.

During this time interval, the Earth’s surface experienced a long-term warming trend that culminated in a period of sustained high temperatures called the Early Eocene Climatic Optimum EECO.

These perturbations of the ocean-atmosphere system involved the global carbon cycle and global temperatures and have been linked to orbital forcing. Unravelling this complex climatic system strictly depends on the availability of high-quality suitable geological records and accurate age models. However, discrepancies between the astrochronological and radioisotopic dating techniques complicate the development of a robust time scale for the early Eocene Ma.

Here we present the first magneto-, bio-, chemo- and cyclostratigraphic results of the drilling of the land-based Smirra section, in the Umbria Marche Basin. The sediments recovered at Smirra provide a remarkably well-preserved and undisturbed succession of the early Palaeogene pelagic stratigraphy. These results are then compared to the astronomical tuning of the benthic carbon isotope record of ODP Site to evaluate the different age model options and improve the time scale of the early Eocene by assessing the precise number of eccentricity-related cycles comprised in this critical interval.

Radioactivity in honey of the central Italy. Natural radionuclides and Cs in twenty seven honeys produced in a region of the Central Italy were determined by alpha U, U, Po, Th and Th and gamma spectrometry Cs, 40 K, Ra and Ra. The study was carried out in order to estimate the background levels of natural 40 K, U and Th and their progeny and artificial radionuclides Cs in various honey samples, as well as to compile a data base for radioactivity levels in that region.

The mean of Po activity resulted 0. The mean of U activity resulted 0. The honeys produced in Central Italy were of good quality in relation to the studied parameters, confirming the general image of a genuine and healthy food associated to this traditional products. The seismically induced landslides are among the most destructive and dangerous effects of an earthquake.

In the Italian contest, this is also documented by a national catalogue that collects data related to earthquake-induced ground failures in the last millennium CEDIT database. In particular, Central Italy has been affected by several historical landslides triggered by significant earthquakes, the last of which occurred in August-October , representing the Italian strongest event after the Irpinia earthquake Mw 6. The study presents the effects of recent seismically induced rockfalls occurred within the Central Italy seismic sequence October 30, along the Nera River gorge between Umbria and Marche.

The study area is completely included in the Monti Sibillini National Park, where the highest mountain chain in the Umbrian-Marchean Apennine is located. Most of rockfalls have affected the “Maiolica” formation, a stratified and fractured pelagic limestone dating to the Early Cretaceous. The seismic sequence produced diffuse instabilities along the SP road within the Nera River gorge: boulders, debris accumulations and diffuse rockfalls have been mapped.

Most of boulders have size ranging from 0. The landslide appears to have originated as a wedge failure, which evolved to free fall when the rock block lost the contact with the stable rock mass. In other words, the quake produced the “explosion” of the rock wall allowing the rockfall process. Once the rock mass reached the toe of the slope, it was broken triggering a rock avalanche that obstructed both the Nera River and SP road.

With the aim to estimate the total volume of involved rock, a field survey was carried out by using a laser rangefinder. Remote measures were acquired. Phytochemical pattern of Gentiana species of Appennino in central Italy.

The molecular pattern of two Gentiana species, G. Results were compared with literature data, examining the differences between the two species. First-order and subsidiary faults controlling the time-space evolution of the Central Italy seismic sequence – a multi-source data detailed 3D reconstruction. At the light of the reconstructed geometric pattern integrated with the evidences of primary co-seismic fractures, it results evident that the Central Italy seismic sequence represents a “classic”, although complex, intra-Apennine normal-faulting event, reactivating a long-term quiescent seismogenic alignment e.

The reactivated and inverted compressional structures are confined at shallow depth within the Vettore footwall, and in no way control the major events of the sequence. Conversely, an important regional role is played by the east-dipping detachment.

Interregional comparison of karst disturbance: west- central Florida and southeast Italy. The karst disturbance index KDI consists of 31 environmental indicators contained within the five broad categories: geomorphology, hydrology, atmosphere, biota, and cultural. Through its application, the utility of the index can be validated and other important comparisons can be made, such as differences in the karst legislations implemented in each region and the effect of time exposure to human occupation to each karst terrain.

Humans have intensively impacted the karst of southeast Italy for thousands of years compared to only decades in west- central Florida. However, west- central Florida’s higher population density allows the region to reach disturbance levels comparable to those reached over a longer period in Apulia. Similarly, Italian karst is more diverse than the karst found in west- central Florida, creating an opportunity to test all the KDI indicators.

Overall, major disturbances for southeast Italy karst include quarrying, stone clearing, and the dumping of refuse into caves, while west- central Florida suffers most from the infilling of sinkholes, soil compaction, changes in the water table, and vegetation removal.

The application of the KDI allows a benchmark of disturbance to be established and later revisited to determine the changing state of human impact for a region.

The highlighting of certain indicators that recorded high levels of disturbance also allows regional planners to allocate resources in a more refined manner. Bio-Monitoring of Ozone by Young Students. An educational pilot project on the bio-monitoring of air quality was carried out in the Umbria Region of Central Italy.

It involved about young students ages 4 to 16 from 42 schools of 16 municipalities in active biomonitoring of tropospheric ozone with bio-indicator sensitive tobacco seedlings. Some raw biological readings were used…. Essential and toxic elements in honeys from a region of central Italy. The degree of humidity, sugar content, pH, free acidity, combined acidity lactones , and total acidity were also measured.

These elements were found to be present in honey in various proportions depending upon 1 the area foraged by bees, 2 flower type visited for collection of nectar, and 3 quality of water in the vicinity of the hive. The honey products synthesized in Central Italy were of good quality, but not completely free of heavy metal contamination.

Compared with established recommended daily intakes, heavy metals or trace element intoxication following honey consumption in Italy was found not to be a concern for human health. Production of gold and ruby-red lustres in Gubbio Umbria , Italy during the Renaissance period. The aim of this work is to gain a further insight into the knowledge of the production process of lustre-decorated ancient majolicas. Lustre is a sophisticated technique employed in the decoration of majolicas as used in central Italy during the Renaissance period.

It consists of a beautiful iridescent gold or ruby-red thin metallic film, containing silver, copper and other substances and obtained in a reducing atmosphere on a previously glazed ceramic. Nowadays, it is not possible to replicate the outstanding results obtained by the ancient ceramicists, since the original recipes were lost. In this work, we have focussed our attention on ceramic fragments decorated with both gold and ruby-red lustres, which were difficult to obtain due to complex reduction conditions required and which were a prerogative of Gubbio production.

The two lustre colours differ in their chemical composition as well in their nanostructure. The presence of bismuth was disclosed and it was ascertained to be a distinctive feature of the Italian production. An integrated bio-chemostratigraphic framework for Lower Cretaceous Barremian-Cenomanian shallow-water carbonates of the Central Apennines Italy. Shallow-water carbonate platform sections are valuable archives for the reconstruction of deep-time environmental and climatic conditions, but the biostratigraphic resolution is often rather low.

Moreover, chemostratigraphic correlation with well-dated pelagic sections by means of bulk carbonate carbon-isotope stratigraphy is notoriously difficult and afflicted with large uncertainties, as shallow-water sections are particularly prone to the impact of diagenesis.

In the current study, an integrated biostratigraphic-chemostratigraphic approach is applied to southern Tethyan Lower Cretaceous carbonate platform deposits Santa Lucia, Monte La Costa sections situated in the Central Apennines in Italy.

The m thick Santa Lucia section, representing an open lagoonal inner carbonate platform setting, provides a characteristic carbon- and oxygen-isotope pattern that allows for correlation with pelagic composite reference curves Vocontian and Umbria Marche basins.

Calibrated by means of foraminiferal biostratigraphy and rudist bivalve strontium-isotope stratigraphy, the section serves as local chemostratigraphic shallow-water reference for the Barremian to Cenomanian. The m thick Monte La Costa section comprises predominantly coarse grained biostromal and often strongly cemented shelf margin deposits.

Although benthic foraminifera are scarce and the carbonates evidently suffered strong diagenetic alteration, high-resolution rudist shell strontium-isotope stratigraphy in combination with superimposed carbon-isotope trends and biological-lithological changes e. At both localities, chemostratigraphy indicates a major gap covering large parts of the Lower and middle Cenomanian. After having considerably improved the stratigraphic resolution of the studied sections, selected best-preserved rudist shells are going.

Causal agents of Fusarium head blight of durum wheat Triticum durum Desf. Durum wheat samples harvested in central Italy Umbria were analyzed to: evaluate the occurrence of the fungal community in the grains, molecularly identify the Fusarium spp.

The Fusarium genus was one of the main components of the durum wheat fungal community. In vitro characterization of secondary metabolite biosynthesis was conducted for a wide spectrum of substances, showing the mycotoxigenic potential of the species complex. Production of aurofusarin, butenolide, gibepyrone D, fusarin C, apicidin was also reported for the analyzed strains. Characterisation and reproduction of yellow pigments used in central Italy for decorating ceramics during Renaissance.

This study presents the characterisation of prototypical yellow pigments used during the Renaissance period in Italy and the successful reproduction of homologous materials in accordance with the ancient recipes. Moreover, a large number of yellow decorative layers of Sicilian ceramic artefacts dated back from 13th to the 19th century have been selected and the main chemical, structural and minero-petrografic features have been studied by X-ray diffraction, optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectrometry.

These results have been compared with literature data of some yellow decorations of Renaissance ceramics made in central Italy.

Comparative arguments have shown some intriguing differences that are indicators of both technological transfer processes between central and southern Italy as well as of some local implementations likely due to specific raw materials locally available. Geomorphic evidence of active faults growth in the Norcia seismic area central Apennines, Italy. Moreover the sub-basins represent the surface evidence of traits belonging to the Norcia seismogenic structure, which have repeatedly caused earthquakes in the past, thus determining similar geological, structural and morphostructural features within the wider Norcia area, without causing the whole structure to rupture.

The size of these sub-basins and, thus, the size of the relevant seismogenic segments, allows to calculate a maximum magnitude for the three sub-basins and for the seismogenic area as a whole. References Aringoli D. Materazzi M, Nibbi L. Morphotectonic characterization of the quaternary intermontane basins in the Umbria -Marche Apennines Italy. Lincei 25 Suppl 2 , SS DOI Tondi, E. Journal of Geodynamics, 36, Two cases of acute chest discomfort and the Central Italy earthquake.

We present the cases of two postmenopausal women presenting to our emergency department with acute chest discomfort soon after the Central Italy earthquake. Different diagnoses were made in the two patients. The role of the earthquake as a stressful event triggering diverse chest pain syndromes is discussed. Ethnobotanical remarks on Central and Southern Italy. Background The present paper is a brief survey on the ethnobotanical works published by the Authors since , concerning the research carried out in some southern and central Italian regions.

Before Roman domination these territories were first inhabited by local people, while the southern areas were colonized by the Greeks.

These different cultural contributions left certain traces, both in the toponyms and in the vernacular names of the plants and, more generally, in the culture as a whole. Methods Field data were collected through open interviews, mainly of farmers, shepherds and elderly people, born or living in these areas for a long time. Voucher specimens of collected plants are preserved in the respective herbaria of the Authors and in the herbarium of “Roma Tre” University.

Important contributions have been made by several students native to the areas under consideration. A comparative analysis with local specific ethnobotanical literature was carried out. Results The paper reports several examples concerning human and veterinary popular medicine and in addition some anti-parasitic, nutraceutic, dye and miscellaneous uses are also described. Moreover vernacular names and toponyms are cited.

Eight regions of central and southern Italy particularly Latium, Abruzzo, Marche and Basilicata were investigated and the data obtained are presented in 32 papers.

Most of the species of ethnobotanical interest have been listed in Latium species , Marche and Abruzzo The paper also highlights particularly interesting aspects or uses not previously described in the specific ethnobotanical literature.

Conclusion Phyto-therapy in central and southern Italy is nowadays practised by a few elderly people who resort to medicinal plants only for mild complaints on the contrary food uses are still commonly practised.

Nowadays therapeutic uses, unlike in the past, are less closely or not at all linked to ritual aspects. Several plants deserve to be taken. A nearly complete and undisturbed Miocene carbonate sequence is present in the easternmost part of the Umbria -Marche basin, Italy , which is ideal for detailed and integrated stratigraphic investigations of the Miocene Epoch.

In this study, we were trying to obtain evidence for the presence or absence of distal ejecta from the 15 Ma Ries impact structure in southern Germany, located about km to the north-northwest of the Umbria -Marche basin. The first step is to find coeval strata in the Umbria -Marche sequence.

Together with detailed geologic and stratigraphic information about the Aldo Level, the resulting age can be used confidentially to calibrate the Langhian stage.

Besides providing new constraints on Miocene geochronology, this age can now be used for impact stratigraphic studies. To directly correlate the biotite ages of the La Vedova section with rocks from the Ries impact event, Ries impact glass was also analyzed and found to be coeval. Although unrelated to this impact event, the biotite-rich clay layer should help in the search for evidence of distal ejecta related to the Ries crater.

We present a seismic source model for Central Europe Belgium, Germany, Switzerland, and Austria and Italy , as part of an overall seismic risk and loss modeling project for this region. A separate presentation at this conference discusses the probabilistic seismic hazard and risk assessment Williams et al. Where available we adopt regional consensus models and adjusts these to fit our format, otherwise we develop our own model.

Our seismic source model covers the whole region under consideration and consists of the following components: 1. A subduction zone environment in Calabria, SE Italy , with interface events between the Eurasian and African plates and intraslab events within the subducting slab.

The subduction zone interface is parameterized as a set of dipping area sources that follow the geometry of the surface of the subducting plate, whereas intraslab events are modeled as plane sources at depth; 2.

The main normal faults in the upper crust along the Apennines mountain range, in Calabria and Central Italy. Dipping faults and sub- vertical faults are parameterized as dipping plane and line sources, respectively; 3. The Upper and Lower Rhine Graben regime that runs from northern Italy into eastern Belgium, parameterized as a combination of dipping plane and line sources, and finally 4.

Background seismicity, parameterized as area sources. The fault model is based on slip rates using characteristic recurrence. The modeling of background and subduction zone seismicity is based on a compilation of several national and regional historic seismic catalogs using a Gutenberg-Richter recurrence model.

Merging the catalogs encompasses the deletion of double, fake and very old events and the application of a declustering algorithm Reasenberg, The resulting catalog contains a little over events, has an average b-value of Abstract We present the cases of two postmenopausal women presenting to our emergency department with acute chest discomfort soon after the Central Italy earthquake.

Cross-correlation analysis of seismic events in Central -Northern Italy : insights from the geochemical monitoring network of Tuscany. Since late , a geochemical monitoring network is operating in Tuscany, Central Italy , to collect data and possibly identify geochemical anomalies that characteristically occur before regionally significant i. The network currently consists of 6 stations located in areas already investigated in detail for their geological setting, hydrogeological and geochemical background and boundary conditions.

All these stations are equipped for remote, continuous monitoring of selected physicochemical parameters temperature, pH, redox potential, electrical conductivity , and dissolved concentrations of CO2 and CH4.

Additional information are obtained through in situ discrete monitoring. Field surveys are periodically performed to guarantee maintenance and performance control of the sensors of the automatic stations, and to collect water samples for the determination of the chemical and stable isotope composition of all the springs investigated for seismic precursors.

Geochemical continuous signals are numerically processed to remove outliers, monitoring errors and aseismic effects from seasonal and climatic fluctuations. The elaboration of smoothed, long-term time series more than data available today for each station allows for a relatively accurate definition of geochemical background values. Geochemical values out of the two-sigma relative standard deviation domain are inspected as possible indicators of physicochemical changes related to regional seismic activity.

Cross-correlation analysis indicates an apparent relationship between the most important seismic. An assessment of the feasibility of the use of satellite-only rainfall estimates for the hydrological monitoring in central Italy.

The need for accurate distributed hydrological modelling has constantly increased in last years for several purposes: agricultural applications, water resources management, hydrological balance at watershed scale, floods forecast. The main input for the hydrological numerical models is rainfall data that present, at the same time, a large availability of measures in gauged regions, with respect to other micro-meteorological variables and the most complex spatial patterns.

While also in presence of densely gauged watersheds the spatial interpolation of the rainfall is a non-trivial problem, due to the spatial intermittence of the variable especially at finer temporal scales , ungauged regions need an alternative source of rainfall data in order to perform the hydrological modelling. Such source can be constituted by the satellite-estimated rainfall fields, with reference to both geostationary and polar-orbit platforms.

In this work the rainfall product obtained by the Aqua-AIRS sensor were used in order to assess the feasibility of the use of satellite-based rainfall as input for distributed hydrological modelling. In particular three experiments were carried on: a hydrological simulation with the use of rain-gauges data, b simulation with the use of satellite-only rainfall estimates, c simulation with the combined use of the two sources of data in order to obtain an optimal estimate of the actual rainfall fields.

The domain of the study was the central Italy. Several critical events occurred in the area were analyzed. A discussion of the results is provided. Case ascertainment was based on the presence of a primary nodular lesion in the lung and cytological or histological documentation of cancer from a primary or metastatic site. Outcome measures Sensitivity, specificity and positive predictive value PPV for Results cases and 94 non-cases were randomly selected from each database and the corresponding medical charts were reviewed.

Most of the diagnoses for lung cancer were performed in medical departments. True positive rates were high for all the three units. Conclusions Case ascertainment for lung cancer based on imaging or endoscopy associated with histological examination yielded an excellent sensitivity in all the three administrative databases. We defined a seismogenic source model for central Italy and computed the relative forecast scenario, in order to submit the results to the CSEP Collaboratory for the study of Earthquake Predictability, www.

The goal of CSEP project is developing a virtual, distributed laboratory that supports a wide range of scientific prediction experiments in multiple regional or global natural laboratories, and Italy is the first region in Europe for which fully prospective testing is planned. This case-referent study evaluated cancer risks among farmers in central Italy.

Farmers had a decreased risk of lung and bladder cancer and melanoma and nonsignificant excess risks for stomach, rectal, kidney, and nonmelanoma skin cancer. Possible relationships emerged between specific crops and cancer: fruit and colon and bladder cancer, wheat and prostate cancer, olives and kidney cancer, and potato and kidney cancer. The results regarding stomach, pancreatic, lung, bladder, and prostate cancer and melanoma congrue with earlier results.

The kidney cancer excess, the association of colon and bladder cancer with orchard farming, and the excess of rectal cancer among licensed farmers are new and unexpected findings. Volatile components of horsetail Hippuris vulgaris L. Hippuris vulgaris, also known as horsetail or marestail, is a freshwater macrophyte occurring in lakes, rivers, ponds and marshes. In the present study, we analysed for the first time the volatile composition of H.

For the purpose, the essential oil was obtained by hydrodistillation and analysed by GC-MS. The chemical composition was dominated by aliphatic compounds such as fatty acids These compounds are here proposed as chemotaxonomic markers of the species.

Hydrogeochemical response of groundwater springs during central Italy earthquakes 24 August and October Co-seismic hydrological and chemical response at groundwater springs following strong earthquakes is a significant concern in the Apennines, a region in central Italy characterized by regional karstic groundwater systems interacting with active normal faults capable of producing Mw 6.

These aquifers also provide water supply to major metropolitan areas in the region. On August 24, , a Mw 6. The epicenter of the event was located at the segment boundary between the Mt. Vettore and Mt. Laga faults. On October 26, and on October 30, , three other big shocks Mw 5.

Immediately after Aug. Thermal springs connected with deep groundwater flowpaths were also sampled. These springs, sampled previously in and , provide some pre-earthquake data. Moreover, we sampled 4 springs along the Mt. Vettore fault system: 3 small springs at Forca di Presta, close to the trace of the earthquake surface ruptures, and two in Castel Sant’Angelo sul Nera.

The latter are feeding the Nera aqueduct and the Nerea S. The aim of this study is to evaluate the strong earthquake sequence effects on the hydrochemistry and flow paths of groundwater from different aquifer settings based on analysis before and after seismic events.

The comparison between the responses of springs ca. Epiphytic lichens as sentinels for heavy metal pollution at forest ecosystems central Italy. The results of a study using epiphytic lichens Parmelia caperata as sentinels for heavy metal deposition at six selected forest ecosystems of central Italy are reported. The woods investigated are characterized by holm oak Quercus ilex , turkey oak Quercus cerris and beech Fagus sylvatica and represent the typical forest ecosystems of central Italy at low, medium and high elevations, respectively.

The results showed that levels of heavy metals in lichens were relatively low and consequently no risk of heavy metal air pollution is expected for the six forest ecosystems investigated. However, for two of them there are indications of a potential risk: the beech forest of Vallombrosa showed signs of contamination by Pb as a consequence of vehicle traffic due to the rather high touristic pressure in the area, and the holm oak forest of Cala Violina showed transboundary pollution by Mn, Cr and Ni originating from the steel industry in Piombino.

Epiphytic lichens proved to be very effective as an early warning system to detect signs of a changing environment at forest ecosystems. Microstructural investigations on carbonate fault core rocks in active extensional fault zones from the central Apennines Italy.

The study of the microstructural and petrophysical evolution of cataclasites and gouges has a fundamental impact on both hydraulic and frictional properties of fault zones. In the last decades, growing attention has been payed to the characterization of carbonate fault core rocks due to the nucleation and propagation of coseismic ruptures in carbonate successions e.

Among several physical parameters, grain size and shape in fault core rocks are expected to control the way of sliding along the slip surfaces in active fault zones, thus influencing the propagation of coseismic ruptures during earthquakes. Nevertheless, the role of grain size and shape distribution evolution in controlling the weakening or strengthening behavior in seismogenic fault zones is still not fully understood also because a comprehensive database from natural fault cores is still missing.

In this contribution, we present a preliminary study of seismogenic extensional fault zones in Central Apennines by combining detailed filed mapping with grain size and microstructural analysis of fault core rocks.

Field mapping was aimed to describe the structural architecture of fault systems and the along-strike fault rock distribution and fracturing variations. In the laboratory we used a Malvern Mastersizer granulometer to obtain a precise grain size characterization of loose fault rocks combined with sieving for coarser size classes. In addition, we employed image analysis on thin sections to quantify the grain shape and size in cemented fault core rocks.

The studied fault zones consist of an up to m-thick fault core where most of slip is accommodated, surrounded by a tens-of-meters wide fractured damage zone. Fault core rocks consist of 1 loose to partially cemented breccias characterized by different grain size from several cm up to mm and variable grain shape from very angular to sub.

Design A diagnostic accuracy study comparing melanoma ICDCM codes index test with medical chart reference standard. Case ascertainment was based on neoplastic lesion of the skin and a histological diagnosis from a primary or metastatic site positive for melanoma. Participants , and cases subjects with melanoma were randomly selected from Umbria , NA and FVG, respectively; 94 non-cases subjects without melanoma were randomly selected from each unit.

The mean age of the patients ranged from 60 to 61 years. Most of the diagnoses were performed in surgical departments. Conclusions The case definition for melanoma based on clinical or instrumental diagnosis, confirmed by histological examination, showed excellent sensitivities and good specificities in the three operative units. Administrative databases from the three operative units can be used for epidemiological and outcome research of melanoma.

A diagnostic accuracy study comparing melanoma ICDCM codes index test with medical chart reference standard. The most common melanoma subtype was malignant melanoma of skin of trunk, except scrotum ICDCM code: The case definition for melanoma based on clinical or instrumental diagnosis, confirmed by histological examination, showed excellent sensitivities and good specificities in the three operative units.

No commercial use is permitted unless otherwise expressly granted. The L’Aquila earthquake Mw 6. Since then, guidelines for microzonation were drew up that take into consideration the problem of surface faulting in Italy , and laying the bases for future regulations about related hazard, similarly to other countries e. More specific guidelines on the management of areas affected by active and capable faults i.

As such, the guidelines arise the problem of the time interval and general operational criteria to asses fault capability for the Italian territory. As for the chronology, the review of the international literature and regulatory allowed Galadini et al. As for the operational criteria, the detailed analysis of the large amount of works dealing with active faulting in Italy shows that investigations exclusively based on surface morphological features e.

A test area for which active and capable faults can be first mapped based on such a classical but still effective methodological approach can be the central Apennines.

Reference Galadini F. The activation of Late Quaternary faults in the Central Apennines Italy could generate earthquakes with magnitude of about 6. The collection of radar echoes in three dimensions allows to map both the vertical and lateral continuity of shallow geometries of the fault zone Fz , imaging features with high resolution, ranging from few metres to centimetres and therefore imaging also local variations at the microscale.

Several geophysical markers of faulting, already highlighted on this site, have been taken as reference to plan the 3-D survey. In this paper, we provide the first 3-D subsurface imaging of an active shallow fault belonging to the Umbria -Marche Apennine highlighting the subsurface fault geometry and the stratigraphic sequence up to a depth of about 5 m.

From our data, geophysical faulting signatures are clearly visible in three dimensions: diffraction hyperbolas, truncations of layers, local attenuated zones and varying dip of the layers have been detected within the Fz. The interpretation of the 3-D data set provided qualitative and quantitative geological information in addition to the fault location. Chemical analysis of essential oils from different parts of Ferula communis L. Ferula communis is a showy herbaceous plant typical of the Mediterranean area where it is used as a traditional medicine.

The plant is a source of bioactive compounds such as daucane sesquiterpenes and prenylated coumarins. In Italy , most of phytochemical studies focused on Sardinian populations where poisonous and nonpoisonous chemotypes were found, while investigations on peninsular populations are scarce. In this work, we report the chemical characterisation of the essential oils obtained from different parts of F.

The volatile profiles detected did not allow to classify the investigated central Italy population into the poisonous and nonpoisonous chemotypes previously described in Sardinia.

First evaluation of endotoxins in veterinary autogenous vaccines produced in Italy by LAL assay. Endotoxin contamination is a serious concern for manufacturers of biological products and vaccines in terms of not only quality but also safety parameters.

According to the 3Rs principles Replace, Reduce, Refine , which aim to progressively reduce animal use in the quality control process, we tested the vaccines obtained from gram-negative bacteria and adjuvants by the limulus amebocyte lysate LAL assay. The results revealed low endotoxin concentrations compared to available data in the literature and represent the first report of the application of the 3Rs principles to veterinary autogenous vaccines production in Italy.

Published by Elsevier Ltd. Towards the application of seismogeodesy in central Italy : a case study for the August 24 Mw 6. Dense strong motion and high-rate Global Navigation Satellite Systems GNSS networks have been deployed in central Italy for rapid seismic source determination and corresponding hazard mitigation.

Different from previous studies for the consistency between two kinds of sensor at collocated stations, here we focus on the combination of high-rate GNSS displacement waveforms with collocated seismic strong motion accelerators, and investigate its application to image rupture history. Taking the August 24 Mw 6. Our results reveal that strong motion data alone can overestimate the magnitude and mismatch the GNSS observations, while 1 Hz sampling rate GNSS is insufficient and the displacement is too noisy to depict rupture process.

By contrast, seismogeodetic data enhances temporal resolution and maintains the static offsets that provide vital constraint to the reliable estimation of earthquake magnitude. The obtained model is close to the jointly inverted one.

Our work demonstrates the unique usefulness of seismogeodesy for fast seismic hazard response. Morphology and evolution of sulphuric acid caves in South Italy.

D’Angeli, Ilenia M. Sulphuric acid speleogenesis SAS related to the upwelling of acid water enriched in H2S and CO2 represents an unusual way of cave development.

Since meteoric infiltration waters are not necessarily involved in speleogenesis, caves can form without the typical associated karst expressions i. The main mechanism of sulphuric acid dissolution is the oxidation of H2S Jones et al. In these conditions, carbonate dissolution associated with gypsum replacement, is generally believed to be faster than the normal epigenic one De Waele et al.

Other preliminary studies have been carried out in Calabria Galdenzi, and Sicily De Waele et al. Using both limestone tablet weight loss Galdenzi et al. Geomorphological observations, landscape analysis using GIS tools, and the analysis of gypsum and other secondary minerals alunite and jarosite stable isotopes and dating will help to reconstruct the speleogenetic stages of cave formation.

Preliminary microbiological analysis will determine the microbial diversity and ecology in the biofilms. References Engel S. In order to study the main features of the MRA reform we used a methodological approach based on three steps: i first we applied a desk analysis to sketch the…. Relationship between work-related accidents and hot weather conditions in Tuscany central Italy.

Nowadays, no studies have been published on the relationship between meteorological conditions and work-related mortality and morbidity in Italy. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between hot weather conditions and hospital admissions due to work-related accidents in Tuscany central Italy over the period Apparent temperature AT values were calculated to evaluate human weather discomfort due to hot conditions and then tested for work accident differences using non-parametric procedures.

Present findings showed that hot weather conditions might represent a risk factor for work-related accidents in Italy during summer. In particular early warming days during June, characterized by heat discomfort, are less tolerated by workers than warming days of the following summer months. The peak of work-related accidents occurred on days characterized by high, but not extreme, thermal conditions.

Workers maybe change their behaviour when heat stress increases, reducing risks by adopting preventive measures. Results suggested that days with an average daytime AT value ranged between Chemical weathering of palaeosols from the Lower Palaeolithic site of Valle Giumentina, central Italy.

The evolution of the major and trace element composition suggests that the palaeosols were mainly formed by in situ weathering of the parent material. The major phases of soil weathering occurred during the MIS 13 interglacial period S8 and S6 as well as during episodes of rapid environmental change associated with millennial climatic oscillations during the MIS 14 and 12 glaciations S11 and S2, respectively. Although global forcing such as orbital variations, solar radiation, and greenhouse gas concentrations may have influenced the pedogenic processes, the volcanism in central Italy , climate change in the central Mediterranean, and tectono-sedimentary evolution of the Valle Giumentina basin also impacted and triggered the formation of most palaeosols, which provided subsistence resources for the Lower Palaeolithic human communities.

This study highlights the importance of having high-resolution palaeoenvironmental records with accurate chronology as close as possible to archaeological sites to study human-environment interactions. Combining historical and geomorphological information to investigate earthquake induced landslides. Landslides are caused by many different triggers, including earthquakes. In Italy , a detailed new generation catalogue of information on historical earthquakes for the period B. The catalogue lists earthquakes and provides information on a total of about mass-movements triggered by seismic events.

The information on earthquake-induced landslides listed in the catalogue was obtained through the careful scrutiny of historical documents and chronicles, but was rarely checked in the field. We report on an attempt to combine the available historical information on landslides caused by earthquakes with standard geomorphological techniques, including the interpretation of aerial photographs and field surveys, to better determine the location, type and distribution of seismically induced historical slope failures.

We present four examples in the Central Apennines. The landslide is the oldest known earthquake-induced slope failure in Italy. The landslides were subsequently largely modified by mass movements occurred on making the recognition of the original seismically induced failures difficult, if not impossible. In the third example we present the geographical distribution of the available information on landslide events triggered by 8 earthquakes in Central Valnerina, in the period to A comparison with the location of landslides triggered by the September-October Umbria -Marche earthquake sequence is presented.

The fourth example describes the geographical distribution of the available. Six components observations of local earthquakes during the Central Italy seismic sequence.

For many years the seismological community has looked for a reliable, sensitive, broadband three-component portable rotational sensor. In this preliminary study, we show the possibility of measuring and extracting relevant seismological information from local earthquakes.

We employ portable three-component rotational sensors, insensitive to translations, which operate on optical interferometry principles Sagnac effect. Multiple sensors recording redundantly add significance to the measurements. We present here the six-component observations, with analysis of rotational three redundant components and translational three components ground motions, generated by earthquakes at local distances.

For each seismic event, we compare coherence between rotational sensors and estimate a back azimuth consistent with theoretical values. We also estimate Love and Rayleigh wave phase velocities in the 5 to 10 Hz frequency range.

Source characteristics of small earthquakes nucleating on the Alto Tiberina fault system central Italy. The ATF has been imaged by analyzing the active source seismic reflection profiles, and the instrumentally recorded persistent background seismicity.

The present study is an attempt to separate the contributions of source, site, and crustal attenuation, in order to focus on the mechanics of the seismic sources on the ATF, as well on the synthetic and the antithetic structures within the ATF hanging-wall i. Colfiorito fault, Gubbio fault and Umbria Valley fault. In order to compute source spectra, we perform a set of regressions over the seismograms of small earthquakes

❿
 
 

Windows 10 1703 download iso italy vsp – windows 10 1703 download iso italy vsp.

 
 
Re-analyses of the puta- parabasalids, whereas carbamate kinase may have distinct tive bacteria-to-vertebrate gene transfer events in the LGT origins in the two groups Figure 5A and trees 10 human genome using phylogenetic analyses instead of and 30 in Additional file 4. Towards the application of seismogeodesy in central Italy : a case study for the August 24 Mw 6. Messenger RNA from approximately macia. Trends Biochem Sci , 30 3 Our analyses do not identify Analysis of the eleven completely sequenced contigs any strong consensus sequence outside the conserved showed that the coding density varies significantly unique termination codon TGA, although we observe a between contigs Figure 1 and Additional file 1.

❿